ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Neuroplastin cell recognition molecules have been implicated in synaptic plasticity. Polymorphisms in the regulatory region of the human neuroplastin gene (NPTN) are correlated with cortical thickness and intellectual abilities in adolescents and in individuals with schizophrenia. METHODS: We characterized behavioral and functional changes in inducible conditional neuroplastin-deficient mice. RESULTS: We demonstrate that neuroplastins are required for associative learning in conditioning paradigms, e.g., two-way active avoidance and fear conditioning. Retrograde amnesia of learned associative memories is elicited by inducible neuron-specific ablation of Nptn gene expression in adult mice, which shows that neuroplastins are indispensable for the availability of previously acquired associative memories. Using single-photon emission computed tomography imaging in awake mice, we identified brain structures activated during memory recall. Constitutive neuroplastin deficiency or Nptn gene ablation in adult mice causes substantial electrophysiologic deficits such as reduced long-term potentiation. In addition, neuroplastin-deficient mice reveal profound physiologic and behavioral deficits, some of which are related to depression and schizophrenia, which illustrate neuroplastin's essential functions. CONCLUSIONS: Neuroplastins are essential for learning and memory. Retrograde amnesia after an associative learning task can be induced by ablation of the neuroplastin gene. The inducible neuroplastin-deficient mouse model provides a new and unique means to analyze the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying retrograde amnesia and memory.
Subject(s)
Amnesia, Retrograde/physiopathology , Association Learning/physiology , Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology , Memory/physiology , Amnesia, Retrograde/genetics , Animals , Avoidance Learning/physiology , Behavior, Animal/physiology , Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials , Fear/physiology , Hippocampus/physiology , Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, KnockoutABSTRACT
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a consequence of degenerative brain pathology with amyloid plaque deposition and neurofibrillary tangle formation. These distinct aspects of AD neuropathology have been suggested to induce a cascade of pathological events ultimately leading to neurodegeneration as well as cognitive and behavioral decline. Amyloid and tau neuropathology is known to develop along distinct stages and affect parts of the brain differentially. In this study, we examined two mouse AD lines (AßPPPS1-21 and Tau22 mice), which mimic different partial aspects of AD pathology, at comparable stages of their pathology. Since prefrontal cortex (PFC) is one of the first regions to be affected in clinical AD, we compared long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic responses in medial PFC of AßPPPS1-21 and Tau22 mice. Frontal LTP was impaired in AßPPPS1-21 mice, but not in Tau22 mice. Consequently, we observed different behavioral defects between AßPPPS1-21 and Tau22 animals. Apart from spatial learning deficits, AßPPPS1-21 transgenic mice were impaired in fear learning, aversion learning, and extinction learning, whereas THY-Tau22 were impaired in appetitive responding. Discriminant function analysis identified critical behavioral variables that differentiated AßPPPS1-21 and THY-Tau22 mice from wild type littermates, and further confirmed that amyloid- versus tau-pathology differentially affects brain function.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/pathology , Cognition Disorders/pathology , Disease Models, Animal , Prefrontal Cortex/pathology , Synapses/pathology , tau Proteins , Alzheimer Disease/genetics , Alzheimer Disease/psychology , Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/genetics , Animals , Cognition Disorders/genetics , Cognition Disorders/psychology , Humans , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Transgenic , Neuronal Plasticity/physiology , Plaque, Amyloid/genetics , Plaque, Amyloid/pathology , Presenilin-1/genetics , Synapses/genetics , tau Proteins/geneticsABSTRACT
Neurobeachin (NBEA), a brain-enriched multidomain scaffolding protein involved in neurotransmitter release and synaptic functioning, has been identified as a candidate gene for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in four unrelated patients haploinsufficient for NBEA. The aim of this study was to map the behavioral phenotype of Nbea(+/-) mice in order to understand its contribution to the pathogenesis of ASD. ASD-like behavioral variables of Nbea(+/-) mice were related to basal neuronal activity in different brain regions by in situ hybridizations and extracellular field recordings of synaptic plasticity in hippocampal cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) region. Levels of BDNF and phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) were measured in an attempt to investigate putatively underlying changes in these neuromolecules. Nbea(+/-) mice exhibit several ASD-like features, including changes in self-grooming behavior, social behaviors, conditioned fear responses, and spatial learning and memory, which coincided with enhanced long-term potentiation (LTP) in their CA1 region. The observed alterations in learning and memory and hippocampal LTP are concomitant with decreased expression of the immediate early gene zif268 in dorsomedial striatum and hippocampal CA1 region, increased CREB phosphorylation, and increased hippocampal BDNF expression. These findings indicate that Nbea haploinsufficiency leads to various molecular and cellular changes that affect neuroplasticity and behavioral functions in mice, and could thus underlie the ASD symptomatology in NBEA deficient humans.
Subject(s)
Autistic Disorder/genetics , Behavior, Animal/physiology , Brain/physiopathology , Carrier Proteins/genetics , Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics , Neuronal Plasticity/genetics , Animals , Child , Female , Haploinsufficiency , Humans , Immunoblotting , In Situ Hybridization , Learning/physiology , Long-Term Potentiation/physiology , Membrane Proteins , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Transgenic , Phenotype , Synaptic Transmission/geneticsABSTRACT
Pcp2(L7) is a GoLoco domain protein specifically and abundantly expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells. It has been hypothesized to "tune" G(i/o)-coupled receptor modulation of physiological effectors, including the P-type Ca(2+) channel. We have analyzed a mouse mutant in which the Pcp2(L7) gene was inactivated and find significant anatomical, behavioral and electrophysiological changes. Anatomically, we observed mild cerebellar hypoplasia. Behaviorally, the mutants were altered in modalities atypical for a traditional cerebellar mutant, and oddly, all of these changes could be considered functional enhancements. This includes increased asymptotic performance in gross motor learning, increased rate of acquisition in tone-conditioned fear, and enhanced pre-pulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response. Electrophysiological analysis of Purkinje cells in the mutants reveals depression of the complex spike waveform that may underlie the behavioral changes. Based on these observations we suggest that the Pcp2(L7) protein acts as a sensorimotor damper that modulates time- and sense-dependent changes in motor responses.
