Subject(s)
Aging/physiology , Cerebral Angiography , Vasospasm, Intracranial/diagnostic imaging , Animals , Basilar Artery/diagnostic imaging , Basilar Artery/drug effects , Basilar Artery/pathology , Basilar Artery/physiopathology , Male , Papaverine/pharmacology , Rabbits , Time Factors , Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology , Vasospasm, Intracranial/pathology , Vasospasm, Intracranial/physiopathologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is important in modulating inflammation, which has been implicated in cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). We investigated the role of PARP in vasospasm using 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB), a PARP inhibitor, in a rabbit model. METHODS: Twenty-four New Zealand White rabbits were divided into 4 groups: (1) no treatment (control group, n=6); (2) blood injection without pretreatment (SAH-only group, n=6); (3) blood injection with pretreatment by vehicle (SAH+vehicle group, n=6); and (4) blood injection with pretreatment by 3-AB (SAH+3-AB group, n=6). We used the single-hemorrhage model of SAH, injecting autologous arterial blood into the cisterna magna. Angiography was performed before (baseline) and after (day 2) SAH, and the diameter of the basilar artery (BA) was measured. Animals were euthanatized after the second angiogram. After perfusion and fixation, the brains were cut into sections for hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemical staining for poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. RESULTS: In the control group, there were no differences in the BA lumen caliber between baseline and day 2 (96.8+/-10.4%). Cerebral vasospasm in the SAH+3-AB group (88.2+/-6. 2%) was remarkably attenuated in comparison with that in the SAH-only group (64.9+/-8.0%) and the SAH+vehicle group (65.6+/-10. 8%). The BA in the SAH+3-AB group showed less corrugation of the tunica elastica interna than that in the SAH-only and SAH+vehicle groups. Staining for poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation was markedly inhibited in smooth muscle and adventitial cells of the BA in the SAH+3-AB group compared with other groups. CONCLUSIONS: Inhibiting ADP-ribosylation attenuates cerebral vasospasm after SAH in rabbits, and PARP activation may play an important role in the development of cerebral vasospasm.
Subject(s)
Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors , Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/complications , Vasospasm, Intracranial/enzymology , Animals , Basilar Artery/diagnostic imaging , Basilar Artery/drug effects , Basilar Artery/enzymology , Basilar Artery/pathology , Benzamides/administration & dosage , Cerebral Angiography , Disease Models, Animal , Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology , Endothelium, Vascular/pathology , Enzyme Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Immunohistochemistry , Injections , Male , Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology , Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology , Neuroprotective Agents/administration & dosage , Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/metabolism , Rabbits , Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/diagnostic imaging , Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/pathology , Vasospasm, Intracranial/diagnostic imaging , Vasospasm, Intracranial/drug therapy , Vasospasm, Intracranial/etiologyABSTRACT
Trigonocephaly involves premature fusion of both the metopic suture and the sutures in the skull base. Surgical treatment by opening of the prematurely fused metopic suture and expansion of the anterior cranial base by creating "neosutures" was used to treat three children with trigonocephaly. The combination of lateral canthal advancement and radical forehead remodeling achieved excellent results. These procedures can also prevent the development of midface hypoplasia such as hypotelorism. The two younger patients, aged 0 and 6 months, achieved rapid bone growth in the defects and normalization of intercanthal and interpupillary distances. The older patient, aged 8 years, retained some skull defects at follow-up. The optimal age for surgery is 3-6 months, which allows good cosmetic results and minimizes visual repercussions with relatively low perioperative risks.
