Point Prevalence Surveys of Antimicrobial Prescribing in a Non-Acute Care Hospital in Saitama Prefecture, Japan.

Background: The global point prevalence survey (Global-PPS) is the standard for the surveillance of prescribed antimicrobials among inpatients and provides data for the development of hospital antimicrobial stewardship programs. Aim: To evaluate the prevalence and quality of antimicrobial prescriptions using the universally standardized Global-PPS protocol in a non-acute care hospital in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. Methods: Antimicrobial prescriptions for inpatients, staying at the hospital overnight, were surveyed on three separate week days in November 2018, January 2019, and May 2019. Information on the prescribed antimicrobials on the survey target day was obtained from the in-hospital pharmacy. Survey data were collected by physicians, based on the extracted information. Patient information was anonymized and entered in the Global-PPS Web application by physicians. We report the antimicrobial use prevalence, the indication for prescription, diagnosis, the most prescribed antimicrobials, and a set of quality indicators related to antimicrobial prescribing. Results: In total, 6.7% of the surveyed inpatients (120/1796) were prescribed antimicrobials on the survey day. Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim was the most commonly prescribed, with 20.0% of systemic antibiotic prescriptions (ATC J01). Of all antibiotics for systemic use, up to 58.4% were Watch antibiotics, as defined by the World Health Organization AWaRe classification. The most prescribed group of systemic antibiotics was non-penicillin beta-lactam antibiotics (34.4%), followed by penicillin antibiotics in combination with beta-lactamase inhibitors (25.6%), and sulfonamides with trimethoprim (20.8%). Healthcare-associated infections and medical prophylaxis were the most common indications reported in 69.3% and 26.3% of prescriptions, respectively. The most common diagnosis for systemic antibiotic prescriptions was pneumonia (49.6%). Reasons for antimicrobial prescriptions were indicated in the medical records for 67.1% of prescriptions, and the stop/review date was documented to be 50.3%. Compliance with local guidelines reached 66.7%. Conclusions: This study highlights important challenges related to antimicrobial prescription in a highly specific, non-acute care patient population.

HbA1c level may be a risk factor for oxygen therapy requirement in patients with coronavirus disease 2019.

INTRODUCTION: Many clinical studies have identified significant predictors or risk factors for the severity or mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases. However, there are very limited reports on the risk factors for requiring oxygen therapy during hospitalization. In particular, we sought to investigate whether plasma glucose and HbA1c levels could be risk factors for oxygen therapy requirement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single-center, retrospective study was conducted of 131 COVID-19 patients hospitalized at Saitama Medical University Hospital between March 2020 and November 2020. To identify the risk factors for oxygen therapy requirement during hospitalization, a stepwise multivariate binary logistic regression analysis was performed using several clinical parameters commonly obtained on admission, including plasma glucose and HbA1c levels. RESULTS: Of the 131 patients with COVID-19, 33.6% (44/131) received oxygen therapy during hospitalization. According to the logistic regression analysis, male sex (odds ratio [OR]: 8.76, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.65-46.5, P < 0.05), age (OR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.02-1.12, P < 0.01), HbA1c levels (OR: 1.94, 95% CI: 1.09-3.44, P < 0.05), and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (OR: 2.22, 95% CI: 1.54-3.20, P < 0.01) emerged as independent variables associated with oxygen therapy requirement during hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to male sex, age, and serum CRP levels, HbA1c levels on admission may serve as a risk factor for oxygen therapy requirement during the clinical course of COVID-19, irrespective of diabetes history and status. This may contribute to the efficient delegation of limited numbers of hospital beds to patients at risk for oxygen therapy requirement.

Clinical evaluation of the antibody response in patients with COVID-19 using automated high-throughput immunoassays.

Several automated high-throughput immunoassays for detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies by a semi-quantitative approach have been commercialized. In this study, we describe the timeline of the antibody response in patients with RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19. A total of 292 sequential serum samples from 33 Japanese patients were retrospectively analyzed using four test kits for SARS-CoV-2: the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay (Abbott), Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 assay (Roche Diagnostic), and VITROS® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Total and IgG assays (Ortho Clinical Diagnostics). All automated immunoassays could equivalently identify positive sera collected within 2 weeks after symptom onset (99.3%-100%). In addition, the S protein-based automated immunoassay, the VITROS® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Total assay, may play a complementary role in evaluating passive antibody therapies or vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, although further research is required.

Antibody response patterns in COVID-19 patients with different levels of disease severity in Japan.

We analyzed antibody response patterns according to the level of disease severity in patients with novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Japan. We analyzed 611 serum specimens from 231 patients with COVID-19 (mild, 170; severe, 31; critical, 30). Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies against nucleocapsid protein (N) and spike 1 protein (S1) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The peaks of fitting curves for the optical density (OD) values of IgM and IgG antibodies against N appeared simultaneously, while those against S1 were delayed compared with N. The OD values of IgM against N and IgG against both N and S1 were significantly higher in the severe and critical cases than in the mild cases at 11 days after symptom onset. The seroconversion rates of IgG were higher than those of IgM against both N and S1 during the clinical course based on the optimal cut-off values defined in this study. The seroconversion rates of IgG and IgM against N and S1 were higher in the severe and critical cases than in the mild cases. Our findings show that a stronger antibody response occurred in COVID-19 patients with greater disease severity and there were low seroconversion rates of antibodies against N and S1 in the mild cases.

Clinical characteristics in blood stream infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella variicola, and Klebsiella quasipneumoniae: a comparative study, Japan, 2014-2017.

BACKGROUND: Klebsiella variicola and K. quasipneumoniae are new species distinguishable from K. pneumoniae but they are often misidentified as K. pneumoniae in clinical settings. Several reports have demonstrated the possibility that the virulence factors and clinical features differ among these three phylogroups. In this study, we aimed to clarify whether there were differences in clinical and bacterial features between the three phylogroups isolated from patients with bloodstream infections (BSIs) in Japan. METHODS: Isolates from all patients with BSIs caused by K. pneumoniae admitted to two hospitals between 2014 and 2017 (n = 119) were included in the study. Bacterial species were identified via sequence analysis, and their virulence factors and serotypes were analyzed via multiplex PCR results. Clinical data were retrieved from medical records. RESULTS: Of the 119 isolates, 21 (17.7%) were identified as K. variicola and 11 (9.2%) as K. quasipneumoniae; K1 serotype was found in 16 (13.4%), and K2 serotype in 13 (10.9%). Significant differences in the prevalence of rmpA, iutA, ybtS, entB and kfu (p < 0.001), and allS genes (p < 0.05) were found between the three phylogroups. However, there were no significant differences in clinical features, including the 30-day mortality rate, between the three organisms, although K. variicola was more frequently detected in patients over 80 years old compared with other Klebsiella species (p < 0.005), and K. quasipneumoniae more frequently occurred in patients with malignancy (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrated the differences in bacterial pathogenicity and clinical features among these three phylogroups. Further epidemiological studies into BSI caused by Klebsiella species are warranted.

The effect of gut microbiota and probiotic organisms on the properties of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing and carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae including growth, beta-lactamase activity and gene transmissibility.

The gut microbiota may play a pivotal role in controlling the antimicrobial resistant (AMR) organisms although the evidences are limited. We investigated the effects of gut microbiota on the growth of AMR organisms, ß-lactamases activity and transmissibility of antimicrobial resistant properties of the extended spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. CTX-M-15-positive, ESBL-producing E. coli and carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae, Bacteroides fragilis, Bifidobacterium longum, Clostridium butyricum, Clostridioides difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus plantarum and probiotic strain of C. butyricum MIYAIRI 588 were used in this study. The growth of AMR organisms was suppressed by the supernatant of C. butyricum, C. difficile, C. perfringens, E. faecium and L. plantarum in a dose dependent manner but not by that of B. fragilis and B. longum. The ß-lactamase activity produced by E. coli was reduced by the presence of culture supernatant of certain gut microbiota during stationary phase of E. coli. Importantly, C. butyricum MIYAIRI 588 culture supernatant suppressed the transcription of blaCTX-M gene during growth phase of E. coli. The conjugation assay showed the reduction of transmissibility of antibiotic resistant gene by gut microbiota. These findings suggest that certain gut microbiota affect the antibiotic resistant activities of AMR organisms. Further studies are needed to identify the specific mechanism(s) of these actions between AMR organisms and gut microbiota.

Hepatic gas gangrene caused by Clostridium novyi.

We report the case of a patient with advanced gastric cancer and multiple liver metastases, who presented with bacteremia and hepatic gas gangrene caused by Clostridium novyi (C. novyi). The gas gangrene caused abscesses to form within metastatic lesions. This case highlights the antitumor effects of C. novyi in human.

The first case report of septic abortion resulting from ß-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae infection.

Introduction. This is the first case report of septic abortion due to ß-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant (BLNAR) non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae infection. In Japan, BLNAR H. influenzae is widespread and has become a clinical concern, especially in paediatrics and otolaryngology, but H. influenzae has not been previously recognized as a causative agent of obstetric or gynaecological infection. Case presentation. A 31-year-old pregnant woman presented at 17 weeks and 6 days of gestation with a high fever; she was admitted with a diagnosis of threatened premature delivery. Despite tocolytic treatment, she aborted spontaneously 2 h after admission and then entered septic shock. BLNAR H. influenzae was detected in both blood and vaginal cultures. Her condition gradually improved after several days of treatment with cefotaxime, and she was ultimately discharged without sequelae or complaints. Conclusion. Although penicillin with a ß-lactamase inhibitor is currently recommended for the treatment of septic abortion, this combination will probably lead to treatment failure in the case of BLNAR H. influenzae infection. As this study reveals, H. influenzae can cause septic abortion; hence, future efforts should be undertaken to detect and therapeutically target this pathogen during pregnancy.

First confirmed case of spondylodiscitis with epidural abscess caused by Parvimonas micra.

Parvimonas micra was renamed species as within Gram-positive anaerobic cocci and rarely causes severe infections in healthy people. We report the first confirmed case of spondylodiscitis with epidural abscess caused by P. micra in a healthy women. The patient has a pain in low back and anterior left thigh. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography detected the affected lesion at the L2 and L3 vertebral bodies. All isolates from the surgical and needle biopsy specimens were identified as P. micra by 16S rRNA and MALDI-TOF. In this case, P. micra showed high sensitivity to antimicrobial therapy. She was successfully treated with debridement and sulbactam/ampicillin, followed by oral metronidazole for a total of 10 weeks. The causative microorganisms of spondylodiscitis are not often identified, especially anaerobic bacteria tend to be underestimated. On the other hand, antimicrobial therapy for spondylodiscitis is usually prolonged. Accordingly, we emphasize the importance of performing accurate identification including anaerobic bacteria.

A survey conducted immediately after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake: evaluation of infectious risks associated with sanitary conditions in evacuation centers.

In cooperation with the Miyagi prefectural government, we conducted a survey of the management of sanitation at evacuation centers and the health of the evacuees by visiting 324 evacuation centers at two weeks after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. The facilities often used as evacuation centers were community centers (36%), schools (32.7%) and Nursing homes (10.2%). It was more difficult to maintain a distance of at least 1 m between evacuees at the evacuation centers with a larger number of residents. At evacuation centers where the water supply was not restored, hygienic handling of food and the hand hygiene of the cooks were less than adequate. Among evacuation centers with ≤50 evacuees, there was a significant difference in the prevalence rate of digestive symptoms between the centers with and without persons in charge of health matters (0.3% vs. 2.1%, respectively, p < 0.001). The following three factors had an important influence on the level of sanitation at evacuation centers and the health of evacuees: 1) the size of the evacuation center, 2) the status of the water supply, and 3) the allocation of persons in charge of health matters. Given that adjusting the number of evacuees to fit the size of the evacuation center and prompt restoration of the water supply are difficult to achieve immediately after an earthquake, promptly placing persons in charge of health matters at evacuation centers is a practicable and effective measure, and allocation of at least one such person per 50 evacuees is desirable.

Tuberculosis exposure among evacuees at a shelter after earthquake, Japan, 2011.

Tuberculosis was diagnosed in a person who had stayed in a shelter after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. A contact investigation showed that the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection among other evacuees at the shelter was 20%. Our report underscores the importance of tuberculosis prevention and control after natural disasters.

Molecular characteristics of extended-spectrum ß-lactamases in clinical isolates from Escherichia coli at a Japanese tertiary hospital.

The prevalence of ESBL has been increasing worldwide. In this study, we investigated the molecular characteristics of ESBL among clinical isolates of Escherichia coli from a Japanese tertiary hospital. A total of 71 consecutive and nonduplicate clinical isolates of ESBL-positive E. coli collected at Tohoku University Hospital between January 2008 and March 2011 were studied. The antimicrobial susceptibility profile of these strains was determined. PCR and sequencing were performed to identify genes for ß-lactamase (bla(TEM), bla(SHV), bla(OXA-1-like), and bla(CTX-M)) and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants (PMQR). The isolates were also analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Of the 71 strains, 68 were positive for CTX-M, 28 were positive for TEM, four were positive for OXA-1, and one was positive for SHV. Sequencing revealed that CTX-M-14 was the most prevalent (31/71), followed by CTX-M-27 (21/71) and then CTX-M-15 (9/71). Of the 28 TEM-positive strains, one was TEM-10 and the rest were TEM-1. One SHV-positive strain was SHV-12. The 21 CTX-M-27-producing isolates were divided into 14 unique PFGE types, while the 9 CTX-M-15 producers were divided into 8 types. Based on MLST, 9 CTX-M-14 procedures, 19 CTX-M-27 procedures, and 8 CTX-M-15 producers belonged to ST131. Thirty-five (94.6%) of the 37 ST131 E. coli strains showed resistance to levofloxacin, which was a higher rate than among non-ST131 strains (63.6%). Among ESBL-producing isolates, one, two, and six possessed qnrB, qnrS, qepA, and aac(6')-Ib-cr, respectively. Of the 6 isolates with aac(6')-Ib-cr, 4 carried the CTX-M-15 gene. Our data suggest that CTX-M-15-producing E. coli ST131 has emerged as a worldwide pandemic clone, while CTX-M-27 (a variant of CTX-M-14) is also spreading among E. coli ST131 in Japan.

Characteristics of infectious diseases in hospitalized patients during the early phase after the 2011 great East Japan earthquake: pneumonia as a significant reason for hospital care.

BACKGROUND: Natural catastrophes increase infectious disease morbidity rates. On March 11, 2011, a 9.0-magnitude earthquake and associated Pacific coast tsunami struck East Japan. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of patients with infectious diseases who needed hospitalization after this disaster. METHODS: We searched the medical records of 1,577 patients admitted to Tohoku University Hospital in the Sendai area within 1 month (March 11, 2011-April 11, 2011) after the disaster. We examined (1) changes in the rates of hospitalizations for infectious diseases over time and (2) the variety of infectious diseases. RESULTS: The number of hospitalized patients with infectious diseases increased after the fi rst week to double that during the same period in 2010. Pneumonia comprised 43% of cases, and 12% consisted of skin and subcutaneous tissue infection, including tetanus. Pneumonia was prevalent in elderly patients (median age, 78 years) with low levels of serum albumin and comorbid conditions, including brain and nervous system disorders. Sputum cultures contained Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Haemophilus influenzae , known pathogens of community-acquired pneumonia in Japan. In addition, 20.5% of patients had positive results for urinary pneumococcal antigen. CONCLUSIONS: Among hospitalized patients, infectious diseases were significantly increased after the disaster compared with the same period in 2010, with pneumonia being prominent. The analyses suggest that taking appropriate measures for infectious diseases, including pneumonia, may be useful for disaster preparedness and medical response in the future.

Molecular epidemiology of carbapenem-non-susceptible Acinetobacter baumannii in Japan.

OBJECTIVES: Acinetobacter baumannii presents a clinical challenge when it is non-susceptible to carbapenems. The prevalence of carbapenem-non-susceptible A. baumannii in Japan is unclear, as previous studies have been limited in scope. We investigated the spread of carbapenem-non-susceptible A. baumannii in Japan and performed a comparison with findings from overseas. METHODS: A total of 305 non-duplicate clinical isolates of Acinetobacter spp. from 176 medical facilities in all geographical regions of Japan were tested for susceptibility to antimicrobial agents by the agar dilution method. Isolates with MICs of imipenem ≥ 4 mg/L underwent PCR analysis of OXA-type ß-lactamase gene clusters and metallo-ß-lactamase genes. These isolates were further analysed by sequencing of OXA-type ß-lactamases and by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). RESULTS: Fifty-five of the 305 clinical isolates had MICs of imipenem ≥ 4 mg/L. The OXA-51-like carbapenemase gene was detected in 52 of these 55 isolates. Within the OXA-51-like gene cluster, OXA-66 was found in 43 (82.7%) of the 52 isolates. MLST identified the following sequence types (STs): ST74, ST76, ST92, ST106, ST188 and ST195 in 2 (3.8%), 2 (3.8%), 40 (76.9%), 5 (9.6%), 2 (3.8%) and 1 (1.9%) of the isolates, respectively. In particular, ST92 was found in 31 (91.2%) of the 34 A. baumannii isolates with MICs of imipenem ≥ 16 mg/L. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report on the molecular epidemiology of A. baumannii with MICs of imipenem ≥ 4 mg/L in Japan. OXA-66 and ST92 were dominant among these isolates.

Post-tsunami outbreaks of influenza in evacuation centers in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan.

We describe 2 post-tsunami outbreaks of influenza A in evacuation centers in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, in 2011. Although containment of the outbreak was challenging in the evacuation settings, prompt implementation of a systemic approach with a bundle of control measures was important to control the influenza outbreaks.