ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Predictors including the preventive effects of antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs on cerebral infarction (CI) events have not yet been clarified in dialysis patients. The aim of the present study was to examine the risk of CI and preventive effects of these drugs in Japanese hemodialysis patients. METHODS: Patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis (n=1,551, median age (interquartile range), 69.0 (59.0-78.0) years; 41.5% female) were enrolled in the Miyazaki Dialysis Cohort Study and prospectively followed-up for 3 years. Kaplan-Meier and Cox's regression analyses were used to clarify the risk of CI. RESULTS: Eighty-four patients developed CI at an incidence of 21.5/1000 patients per year. The presence of a previous history of CI, atrial fibrillation (AF), and diabetes mellitus in addition to age were also identified as predictive factors for new CI, whereas no relationship was observed between antiplatelet and/or anticoagulant usage and CI. Furthermore, no significant difference was noted in the frequency of CI events between patients with AF who received warfarin and those who did not. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of CI was higher in dialysis patients with a previous history of CI and AF; however, the preventive effects of antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs on the development of CI were not evident.
Subject(s)
Cerebral Infarction/drug therapy , Renal Dialysis , Aged , Anticoagulants/pharmacology , Asian People , Atrial Fibrillation , Cerebral Infarction/etiology , Cohort Studies , Female , Humans , Kidney Diseases/complications , Kidney Diseases/therapy , Male , Middle Aged , Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/pharmacology , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
AIM: Although infection is the second leading cause of death in maintenance haemodialysis patients, the effects of glycaemic control on infection in diabetic haemodialysis patients have not yet been examined in detail. We examined the relationship between diabetes or glycemic control and infection-related hospitalization (IRH) in haemodialysis patients. METHODS: Patients receiving maintenance haemodialysis (n = 1551, 493 diabetic patients) were enrolled in this prospective cohort study in December 2009 and followed-up for 3 years. IRH during the follow-up period was abstracted from medical records. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were used to investigate the relationship between diabetes or glycaemic control and IRH. RESULTS: The Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the risk of IRH was significantly higher in haemodialysis patients with diabetes, particularly in those with poorly controlled HbA1c levels (HbA1c ≥ 7.0%), than in haemodialysis patients without diabetes. When patients with ≥HbA1c 7.0% were divided into two groups using a median value of HbA1c, the risk of IRH was significantly higher in those with the poorest glycaemic control (HbA1c ≥ 7.4%), an older age, or lower albumin levels. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio for the risk of IRH was not higher in the second criteria of HbA1c (HbA1c 7.0-7.3%), but was significantly higher in the group with the poorest glycaemic control (HbA1c ≥ 7.4%) than in those in the good control criterion (HbA1c < 7.0%). CONCLUSIONS: Although diabetes is a risk factor for IRH among maintenance haemodialysis patients, the relationship between glycaemic control and the risk of infection is not linear. Therefore, the risk of infection may increase in a manner that is dependent on the glycaemic control threshold.
Subject(s)
Blood Glucose/drug effects , Communicable Diseases/etiology , Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy , Diabetic Nephropathies/therapy , Hospitalization , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy , Renal Dialysis/adverse effects , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Biomarkers/blood , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Communicable Diseases/diagnosis , Communicable Diseases/therapy , Diabetes Mellitus/blood , Diabetes Mellitus/diagnosis , Diabetic Nephropathies/diagnosis , Diabetic Nephropathies/etiology , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Glycated Hemoglobin/metabolism , Humans , Japan , Kaplan-Meier Estimate , Kidney Failure, Chronic/diagnosis , Kidney Failure, Chronic/etiology , Male , Middle Aged , Multivariate Analysis , Proportional Hazards Models , Prospective Studies , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors , Time FactorsABSTRACT
A serum lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is an independent risk factor for cardiac events. It is well known that the patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) have a high concentration of serum Lp(a). The purpose of this study was to indicate the relationship between serum Lp(a) concentration and apoprotein(a) (apo(a)) isoforms under the condition of renal dysfunction. One-hundred thirty patients having hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus and/or CRF were selected in this study. All patients were divided into two groups according to the level of serum creatinine. Serum Lp(a) concentration in the CRF patients (Cr > 2.0 mg/dl) was significantly higher than that in the controls (Cr < 1.2 mg/dl). Many CRF patients had high molecular weight (HMW)-apo(a). This study showed that the increase in HMW-apo(a) was closely accompanied by the increase in serum creatinine levels, and the serum Lp(a) concentration with HMW-apo(a) was higher according to their creatinine levels.
