ER membrane aquaporins in plants.

Plant has a large aquaporin family with more than 30 members which are divided into four subfamilies: plasma membrane intrinsic protein (PIP), tonoplast intrinsic protein (TIP), nodulin 26-like intrinsic proteins (NIP), and small and basic intrinsic proteins (SIP). Their primary structure, transport substrate, functional regulation, gene expression profile, protein amount, and intracellular localization are diversified. The SIP members have short N-terminal tails. Most aquaporins have two sets of common Asn-Pro-Ala (NPA) motif; however, the first motif of SIP1;1, SIP1;2, and SIP2;1 is changed to NPT, NPC, and NPL, respectively. SIP1;1 and SIP1;2, but not SIP2;1, have water transport activity. A recent study revealed that all three members of SIP are localized to the ER membrane and expressed in a cell specific manner in Arabidopsis thaliana. An overview is given on the main features of the SIP members in terms of their primary structure, ER membrane retention, homologues in mammals, and physiological function.

Novel type aquaporin SIPs are mainly localized to the ER membrane and show cell-specific expression in Arabidopsis thaliana.

We investigated the fourth subgroup of Arabidopsis aquaporin, small and basic intrinsic proteins (SIPs). When they were expressed in yeast, SIP1;1 and SIP1;2, but not SIP2;1, gave water-channel activity. The transient expression of SIPs linked with green fluorescent protein in Arabidopsis cells and the subcellular fractionation of the tissue homogenate showed their ER localization. The SIP proteins were detected in all of the tissues, except for dry seeds. Histochemical analysis of promoter-beta-glucuronidase fusions revealed the cell-specific expression of SIPs. SIP1;1 and SIP1;2 may function as water channels in the ER, while SIP2;1 might act as an ER channel for other small molecules or ions.

Identification of 33 rice aquaporin genes and analysis of their expression and function.

Plant aquaporins form a large protein family including plasma membrane-type (PIPs) and tonoplast-type aquaporins (TIPs), and facilitate osmotic water transport across membranes as a key physiological function. We identified 33 genes for aquaporins in the genome sequence of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare). We investigated their expression levels in leaf blades, roots and anthers of rice (cv. Akitakomachi) using semi-quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). At both early tillering (21 d after germination) and panicle formation (56 d) stages, six genes, including OsPIP2;4 and OsPIP2;5, were expressed predominantly in roots, while 14 genes, including OsPIP2;7 and OsTIP1;2, were found in leaf blades. Eight genes, such as OsPIP1;1 and OsTIP4;1, were evenly expressed in leaf blades, roots and anthers. Analysis by stopped-flow spectrophotometry revealed high water channel activity when OsPIP2;4 or OsPIP2;5 were expressed in yeast but not when OsPIP1;1 or OsPIP1;2 were expressed. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of OsPIP2;4 and OsPIP2;5 showed a clear diurnal fluctuation in roots; they showed a peak 3 h after the onset of light and dropped to a minimum 3 h after the onset of darkness. The mRNA levels of 10 genes including OsPIP2;4 and OsPIP2;5 markedly decreased in roots during chilling treatment and recovered after warming. The changes in mRNA levels during and after the chilling treatment were comparable with that of the bleeding sap volume. These results suggested the relationship between the root water uptake and mRNA levels of several aquaporins with high water channel activity, such as OsPIP2;4 and OsPIP2;5.