ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: According to WHO, global coverage of immunization was 86% in 2019, which dropped to 83% in 2020. The objective of this study is to assess parental knowledge and identify their perception towards the importance of child immunization. This study has also tried to determine the possible influencing factors for parental decision-making towards child immunization. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 2020 in Sudair region of Saudi Arabia. The study was done among parents residing in Sudair region, where the sample was randomly selected based on the household. The sample of 436 was taken using the population proportion formula. Data were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 18 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Both the descriptive and inferential statistics were used to draw the results. RESULTS: In this study the three-fourth (77.1%) of respondents were female and the remaining were male (23%). The majority of the respondent's knowledge was reported to have some form of influence on their idea of immunization followed by Ministry of Health, family members, medical staff, social media and others. A significant association was seen between age, marital status, occupational status and parents' knowledge on the importance of immunization (thinking if all child immunization was important). Association was also seen between parents' perception that immunization causes serious side effects and the age of the respondents. CONCLUSIONS: The specific programs and bcc materials are needed to enhance the knowledge and perception of individuals regarding the need for complete immunization and also regarding the fact of vaccine-preventable diseases.
Subject(s)
Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Immunization , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Parents , Perception , Saudi ArabiaABSTRACT
Arbutus andrachne L. is widely distributed in Jordan. Tyrosinase is the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of melanin. This preliminary study was carried out to assess the possible anti-tyrosinase activity of A. andrachne extracts. Arbutin, hydroquinone and kojic acid were selected as inhibitor standards. Five different extracts (chloroform, butanol, ethanol, methanol and water) were prepared from A. andrachne stems and their activities were compared with the selected tyrosinase inhibitors. IC(50) was measured for both, standard and plant extracts. Among the different extracts, the methanolic extract exhibited the highest anttyrosinase activity with an IC(50) value (1 mg mL(-1)). Furthermore, 9 mg A. andrachne methanolic extract showed 97.49% inhibition of tyrosinase activity. Arbutin, hydroquinone, beta-sitosterol and ursolic acid were identified in the different extracts of A. andrachne by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and isolated by preparative TLC from the methanolic and chloroform stem extracts, respectively.
Subject(s)
Ericaceae/chemistry , Peptides/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Arbutin/pharmacology , Hydroquinones/pharmacology , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Plant Stems/chemistry , Pyrones/pharmacology , Tyrosine/metabolismABSTRACT
As the life expectancy of AIDS patients continues to increase due to improved anti-retroviral therapy less of these patients die of HIV-related illnesses. Dysphagia is a common complaint in AIDS patients and usually results from a fungal esophagitis. While cancer of the esophagus is occasionally found in AIDS patients, we report our experience with an AIDS patient diagnosed with a squamous cell esophageal malignancy who received pre-operative radiation and chemotherapy, followed by transhiatal esophagectomy. The patient is alive 16 months post-operatively. The transition of HIV/AIDS from an acute fulminant disease to a chronic condition mandates that these patients should receive full and standard therapy for their esophageal malignancies.
