ABSTRACT
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a pluripotent lipophilic mediator working as a ligand for G-protein coupled S1P receptors (S1PR), which is currently highlighted as a therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases including relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis. Sphingosine related compounds, FTY720 and KRP203 known as S1PR modulators, are phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase 2 (SphK2) to yield the active metabolites FTY720-P and KRP203-P, which work as functional antagonists for S1PRs. Here we report that FTY720 and KRP203 decreased production of Amyloid-ß peptide (Aß), a pathogenic proteins causative for Alzheimer disease (AD), in cultured neuronal cells. Pharmacological analyses suggested that the mechanism of FTY720-mediated Aß decrease in cells was independent of known downstream signaling pathways of S1PRs. Unexpectedly, 6-days treatment of APP transgenic mice with FTY720 resulted in a decrease in Aß40, but an increase in Aß42 levels in brains. These results suggest that S1PR modulators are novel type of regulators for Aß metabolisms that are active in vitro and in vivo.
Subject(s)
Amyloid beta-Peptides/biosynthesis , Neurons/metabolism , Propylene Glycols/pharmacology , Sphingosine/analogs & derivatives , Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/metabolism , Animals , Brain/drug effects , Brain/metabolism , Brain/pathology , Disease Models, Animal , Fingolimod Hydrochloride , Humans , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Neurons/drug effects , Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/metabolism , Propylene Glycols/chemistry , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Sphingosine/chemistry , Sphingosine/pharmacology , Sulfhydryl Compounds/chemistry , Sulfhydryl Compounds/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Signal peptide peptidase (SPP) is an atypical aspartic protease that hydrolyzes peptide bonds within the transmembrane domain of substrates and is implicated in several biological and pathological functions. Here, we analyzed the structure of human SPP by electron microscopy and reconstructed the three-dimensional structure at a resolution of 22 Å. Enzymatically active SPP forms a slender, bullet-shaped homotetramer with dimensions of 85 × 85 × 130 Å. The SPP complex has four concaves on the rhombus-like sides, connected to a large chamber inside the molecule. Intriguingly, the N-terminal region of SPP is sufficient for the tetrameric assembly. Moreover, overexpression of the N-terminal region inhibited the formation of the endogenous SPP tetramer and the proteolytic activity within cells. These data suggest that the homotetramer is the functional unit of SPP and that its N-terminal region, which works as the structural scaffold, has a novel modulatory function for the intramembrane-cleaving activity of SPP.
Subject(s)
Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/chemistry , Animals , Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/metabolism , HEK293 Cells , Humans , Microscopy, Electron , Models, Molecular , Protein Multimerization , Protein Structure, QuaternaryABSTRACT
Sphingosine kinase (SphK) 1 and 2 phosphorylate sphingosine to generate sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a pluripotent lipophilic mediator implicated in a variety of cellular events. Here we show that the activity of ß-site APP cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1), the rate-limiting enzyme for amyloid-ß peptide (Aß) production, is modulated by S1P in mouse neurons. Treatment by SphK inhibitor, RNA interference knockdown of SphK, or overexpression of S1P degrading enzymes decreased BACE1 activity, which reduced Aß production. S1P specifically bound to full-length BACE1 and increased its proteolytic activity, suggesting that cellular S1P directly modulates BACE1 activity. Notably, the relative activity of SphK2 was upregulated in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. The unique modulatory effect of cellular S1P on BACE1 activity is a novel potential therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease.
