Aqueous leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus protects against oxidative stress and misfiring of dopaminergic neurons in Paraquat-induced Parkinson's disease-like model of adult Wistar rats.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: Phyllanthus amarus has high nutritional value and is beneficial in managing and treating diverse ailments. This study assessed the role of aqueous leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus on Paraquat (PQ) induced neurotoxicity in the substantia nigra of Wistar rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The role of aqueous leaves extract of Phyllanthus amarus was assessed using an open field test (OFT) for motor activity, oxidative stress biomarkers [Catalase (CAT), and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)], histological examination (H and E stained) for cytoarchitectural changes and immunohistochemical studies using tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) as a marker for dopaminergic neurons. Forty-two (42) rats were categorized into six groups (n = 7); group 1: control was administered 0.5 ml/kg distilled water, group 2: received 10 mg/kg PQ + 10 mg/kg L-dopa as reference drug, group 3; received 10 mg/kg PQ, while group 4: received 10 mg/kg PQ + 200 mg/kg P. amarus, group 5: received 10 mg/kg PQ + 300 mg/kg P. amarus, and group 6: received 10 mg/kg PQ + 400 mg/kg P. amarus respectively, for 14 days. All administrations were done orally; a significant difference was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The study's open field test (OFT) revealed no motor activity deficit with Paraquat (PQ) exposure. Also, cytoarchitectural distortions were not observed with Paraquat (PQ) only treatment group compared to the control and other groups pretreated with P. amarus and L-dopa. Moreover, the Paraquat (PQ) only treatment group showed oxidative stress by significantly decreasing the antioxidant enzyme (SOD) compared to the control and L-dopa pretreated group. A significant decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expressing dopaminergic neurons was also observed in Paraquat (PQ) only treatment. However, P. amarus treatment showed therapeutic properties by significantly increasing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expressing dopaminergic neuron levels relative to control. CONCLUSION: Aqueous leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus possesses therapeutic properties against Paraquat (PQ) induced changes in the substantia nigra of Wistar rats.

Anti-inflammatory, anticholinesterase, antioxidant, and memory enhancement potential of Phyllanthus amarus in potassium-dichromate induced neurotoxicity of male Wistar rats.

This study investigated the protective effect of aqueous Phyllanthus amarus leaf extract (APALE) in Potassium dichromate (PDc)-induced neurotoxicity. Seventy young adult male, Wistar rats with a weight of 130-150 g, were randomised into seven groups (n = 10): Group 1; distilled water; Group 2: 300 mg/kg APALE; Group 3: 17 mg/kg PDc; Group 4: 5 mg/kg Donepezil (DPZ); Group 5: 17 mg/kg PDc + 400 mg/kg APALE; Group 6:17 mg/kg PDc + 200 mg/kg APALE; Group 7: 17 mg/kg PDc + 5 mg/kg DPZ. All administrations were given once daily via an orogastric cannula for 28 consecutive days. Cognitive assessment tests were employed to ascertain the treatments' effects on the rats' cognitive function. At the end of the experiment, the rats were sacrificed, morphometric analysis was done, and the brains were dissected for histology, enzyme, and other biochemical analysis. Findings from this study showed that APALE significantly improved locomotive activity, recognition memory sensitivity, protection against fear and anxiety, enhanced decision-making, and improved memory function in a dose-dependent manner comparably to DPZ. In addition, APALE significantly increased antioxidants level, reducing oxidative stress in PDc-induced neurotoxic rats and significantly reducing brain acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity by regulating gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) levels in PDc-induced neurotoxic rats compared to DPZ. Furthermore, APALE alleviated neuroinflammatory responses via maintaining histoarchitecture and down-regulation of IBA1 and Tau in PDc-induced rats. In conclusion, APALE protected against PDc-induced neurotoxicity via a combination of anti-inflammatory, anticholinergic, and antioxidant effects on the prefrontal cortex of rats.

A Cross-sectional Anthropometric Study of Cranial Capacity among Ukwuani People of South Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Cranial capacity is used as a measure of brain volume and has a relationship with age and gender. The purpose of this study was to provide normative data and population-, age- and gender-specific regression formulae related to cranial capacity using head dimensions among the Ukwuani people of Nigeria. METHODS: This study included 605 subjects grouped according to age as follows: 6-12 years, 13-19 years and ≥20 years. A cross-sectional study design using multistage sampling technique was adopted. Head length, head width, and auricular head height were measured in centimetres using a spreading caliper, and cranial capacity was calculated. The data were analysed using SPSS 20. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied. A t-test was used to identify significant gender differences. Regression analyses were performed to derive age-, gender- and population-specific models. P-values < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: In all the parameters, males had significantly higher values than females (P < 0.05). The mean (SD) cranial capacity values at 6-12 years, 13-19 years and ≥20 years were 1176.95 (98.35) cc, 1288.59 (113.21) cc and 1408.90 (116.44) cc, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: All the parameters exhibited sexual dimorphism. Cranial capacity was found to increase with age. The models derived in this work will be relevant to population and growth studies as well as forensic anthropology.