A Case of Insulinoma with Hyperprocalcitoninemia and Hypercalcitoninemia Showing Coexpression of Insulin and Calcitonin in Its Tumor Cells.

Neuroendocrine neoplasms can produce multiple hormones that are released into the bloodstream, causing symptoms that vary depending on the type and quantity of hormones involved. We herein report a 63-year-old asymptomatic patient with pancreatic insulinoma who showed marked elevations in circulating calcitonin and procalcitonin levels that returned to normal following surgery. Immunohistochemical analyses confirmed the co-staining of calcitonin and insulin immunoreactivity in the tumor cells, suggesting a calcitonin-producing insulinoma. This insulinoma released calcitonin and a considerable amount of its precursor peptide, procalcitonin, resulting in both hyperprocalcitoninemia and hypercalcitoninemia.

Obesity, glucose intolerance, advanced age, and lymphocytopenia are independent risk factors for oxygen requirement in Japanese patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

At the current time of rising demand for hospital beds, it is important to triage COVID-19 patients according to the treatment needed during hospitalization. The need for oxygen therapy is an important factor determining hospital admission of these patients. Our retrospective study was designed to identify risk factors associated with the progression to oxygen requirement in COVID-19 patients. A total of 133 patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 were admitted to our hospital from February 22, 2020, to August 23. After excluding asymptomatic, non-Japanese, pediatric, pregnant patients and also those who needed oxygen immediately at admission, data of the remaining 84 patients were analyzed. The patients were separated into those who required oxygen after admission and those who did not, and their characteristics were compared. Age, body mass index (BMI), lymphocyte count, C-reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase, estimated glomerular filtration rate, glucose intolerance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia were significantly different between the two groups. Multivariate analysis identified four significant and independent risk factors of oxygen requirement, including advanced age, obesity, glucose intolerance and lymphocytopenia. Dividing the patients into subgroups according to the number of these risk factors found in each patient indicated that the need for oxygen increased with higher number of these risk factors in the same individual. Our results suggest that the presence of higher number of these risk factors in COVID-19 patients is associated with future oxygen requirement and that this index can be potentially useful in triaging COVID-19 patients staying home in the context of need for hospitalization.

The association of protein S Tokushima-K196E with a risk of deep vein thrombosis.

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a multifactorial disease caused by acquired risk factors such as a bed rest, surgery and malignancies. Although the factor V Leiden and the prothrombin-20210G>A mutation do not exist in Japanese populations, a mutation in protein S (PS) Tokushima (K196E) has been attracting attention in Japan. In this study, the genetic contribution of PS Tokushima (K196E) was evaluated in 60 Japanese patients with thrombosis in comparison to 234 healthy volunteers and 88 patients without thrombosis. Genes associated with the response to warfarin, cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9), vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1), and γ-glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX) were also investigated simultaneously. PS Tokushima (K196E) was detected in 6 patients with thrombosis, in 3 without thrombosis and in 3 healthy volunteers, indicating that there is a high frequency of the PS Tokushima (K196E). There were no significant differences of CYP2C9, VKORC1 or GGCX between the patients with and without DVT. Therefore, PS Tokushima (K196E) is an important genetic risk factor for DVT in the Japanese population.