The Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Diagnosis and Management of Glaucoma.

Glaucomatous optic neuropathy is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Diagnosis and monitoring of disease involves integrating information from the clinical examination with subjective data from visual field testing and objective biometric data that includes pachymetry, corneal hysteresis, and optic nerve and retinal imaging. This intricate process is further complicated by the lack of clear definitions for the presence and progression of glaucomatous optic neuropathy, which makes it vulnerable to clinician interpretation error. Artificial intelligence (AI) and AI-enabled workflows have been proposed as a plausible solution. Applications derived from this field of computer science can improve the quality and robustness of insights obtained from clinical data that can enhance the clinician's approach to patient care. This review clarifies key terms and concepts used in AI literature, discusses the current advances of AI in glaucoma, elucidates the clinical advantages and challenges to implementing this technology, and highlights potential future applications.

Current opinion in ophthalmology: novel glaucoma devices in the pipeline.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Adherence to chronic use of topical intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering medications is a fundamental barrier to successful, long-term control in patients suffering from glaucoma. This has fueled innovation to create new vehicles for drug administration, new drug formulations with enhanced bioavailability, and minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries (MIGS) with improved risk-benefit profiles to enhance sustained IOP control. The present article is an overview of novel devices in the pipeline. RECENT FINDINGS: Several new devices that promise to deliver sustained drug therapy and reduce dependence on daily patient adherence are currently being vetted through clinical trials. In addition, the pipeline for new MIGS devices that target sustained IOP control continues to grow. SUMMARY: Alternative drug delivery approaches and novel MIGS devices broaden the treatment options for patients with glaucoma. This will allow the clinician to customize treatment by selecting specific approaches based on each patient's individual needs and coexisting ocular pathologies. Additional comprehensive, large-scale, clinical studies will help define the role that these options hold in a constantly evolving treatment paradigm.

Systematic Review of Current Devices for 24-h Intraocular Pressure Monitoring.

Glaucoma is a common optic neuropathy that can lead to irreversible vision loss, and intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only known modifiable risk factor. The primary method of treating glaucoma involves lowering IOP using medications, laser and/or invasive surgery. Currently, we rely on in-office measurements of IOP to assess diurnal variation and to define successful management of disease. These measurements only convey a fraction of a patient's circadian IOP pattern and may frequently miss peak IOP levels. There is an unmet need for a reliable and accurate device for 24-h IOP monitoring. The 24-h IOP monitoring devices that are currently available and in development fall into three main categories: self-monitoring, temporary continuous monitoring, and permanent continuous monitoring. This article is a systematic review of current and future technologies for measuring IOP over a 24-h period.