ABSTRACT
Resumen El accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) constituye la principal causa de discapacidad de origen neuro- lógico en los adultos mayores a 40 años y la cuarta causa de muerte en Argentina. En los últimos diez años las publicaciones indexadas relacionadas al tratamiento del ACV isquémico fueron más numerosas que las de ACV hemorrágico. El objetivo de este material es proporcionar recomendaciones locales y actualiza- das del abordaje de pacientes con hematoma intraparenquimatoso espontáneo durante la internación. Para la redacción de este manuscrito se convocó a especialistas en esta enfermedad que conformaron grupos de trabajo. Se plantearon 10 tópicos centrales expresados como epidemiologia, atención inicial, imágenes, tratamiento de la presión arterial, reversión de antitrombóticos, indicación de cirugía, profilaxis anticonvulsivante, pronóstico, prevención de complicaciones y reinicio de antitrombóticos. De cada tópico se plantearon mediante preguntas PICO los interrogantes más frecuentes de la práctica diaria. Luego de una revisión sistemática de la literatura, se generaron recomendaciones evaluadas mediante sistema GRADE y consensuadas entre autores y pacientes.
Abstract Stroke is the leading cause of neurological disability in people over 40 years of age and the fourth leading cause of death in Argentina. In the last ten years, the indexed publications related to the treatment of ischemic stroke were more numerous than those of hemorrhagic stroke. The objective of this material is to provide local and updated recommendations for the management of patients with spontaneous intracere- bral hemorrhage during hospitalization. For the writing of this manuscript, diferent specialists were convened to form working groups. Ten central topics expressed as epidemiology, initial care, imaging, blood pressure treatment, reversal of antithrombotics, indication for surgery, seizure prophylaxis, prognosis, prevention of complications and resumption of antithrombotics were raised. For each topic, the most frequent questions of daily practice were raised through PICO questions. After a systematic review of the literature, recommendations were generated, evaluated using the GRADE system and agreed between authors and patients.
ABSTRACT
Stroke is the leading cause of neurological disability in people over 40 years of age and the fourth leading cause of death in Argentina. In the last ten years, the indexed publications related to the treatment of ischemic stroke were more numerous than those of hemorrhagic stroke. The objective of this material is to provide local and updated recommendations for the management of patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage during hospitalization. For the writing of this manuscript, diferent specialists were convened to form working groups. Ten central topics expressed as epidemiology, initial care, imaging, blood pressure treatment, reversal of antithrombotics, indication for surgery, seizure prophylaxis, prognosis, prevention of complications and resumption of antithrombotics were raised. For each topic, the most frequent questions of daily practice were raised through PICO questions. After a systematic review of the literature, recommendations were generated, evaluated using the GRADE system and agreed between authors and patients.
El accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) constituye la principal causa de discapacidad de origen neurológico en los adultos mayores a 40 años y la cuarta causa de muerte en Argentina. En los últimos diez años las publicaciones indexadas relacionadas al tratamiento del ACV isquémico fueron más numerosas que las de ACV hemorrágico. El objetivo de este material es proporcionar recomendaciones locales y actualizadas del abordaje de pacientes con hematoma intraparenquimatoso espontáneo durante la internación. Para la redacción de este manuscrito se convocó a especialistas en esta enfermedad que conformaron grupos de trabajo. Se plantearon 10 tópicos centrales expresados como epidemiologia, atención inicial, imágenes, tratamiento de la presión arterial, reversión de antitrombóticos, indicación de cirugía, profilaxis anticonvulsivante, pronóstico, prevención de complicaciones y reinicio de antitrombóticos. De cada tópico se plantearon mediante preguntas PICO los interrogantes más frecuentes de la práctica diaria. Luego de una revisión sistemática de la literatura, se generaron recomendaciones evaluadas mediante sistema GRADE y consensuadas entre autores y pacientes.
Subject(s)
Fibrinolytic Agents , Stroke , Humans , Adult , Middle Aged , Fibrinolytic Agents/therapeutic use , Cerebral Hemorrhage/therapy , Stroke/etiology , Blood Pressure/physiology , HospitalizationABSTRACT
RATIONALE: Cyclic strain may be a determinant of ventilator-induced lung injury. The standard for strain assessment is the computed tomography (CT), which does not allow continuous monitoring and exposes to radiation. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is able to monitor changes in regional lung ventilation. In addition, there is a correlation between mechanical deformation of materials and detectable changes in its electrical impedance, making EIT a potential surrogate for cyclic lung strain measured by CT (StrainCT ). OBJECTIVES: To compare the global StrainCT with the change in electrical impedance (ΔZ). METHODS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome patients under mechanical ventilation (VT 6 mL/kg ideal body weight with positive end-expiratory pressure 5 [PEEP 5] and best PEEP according to EIT) underwent whole-lung CT at end-inspiration and end-expiration. Biomechanical analysis was used to construct 3D maps and determine StrainCT at different levels of PEEP. CT and EIT acquisitions were performed simultaneously. Multilevel analysis was employed to determine the causal association between StrainCT and ΔZ. Linear regression models were used to predict the change in lung StrainCT between different PEEP levels based on the change in ΔZ. MAIN RESULTS: StrainCT was positively and independently associated with ΔZ at global level (P < .01). Furthermore, the change in StrainCT (between PEEP 5 and Best PEEP) was accurately predicted by the change in ΔZ (R2 0.855, P < .001 at global level) with a high agreement between predicted and measured StrainCT . CONCLUSIONS: The change in electrical impedance may provide a noninvasive assessment of global cyclic strain, without radiation at bedside.
Subject(s)
Lung , Tomography , Electric Impedance , Humans , Lung/diagnostic imaging , Positive-Pressure Respiration , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Protective mechanical ventilation (MV) aims at limiting global lung deformation and has been associated with better clinical outcomes in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients. In ARDS lungs without MV support, the mechanisms and evolution of lung tissue deformation remain understudied. In this work, we quantify the progression and heterogeneity of regional strain in injured lungs under spontaneous breathing and under MV. METHODS: Lung injury was induced by lung lavage in murine subjects, followed by 3 h of spontaneous breathing (SB-group) or 3 h of low Vt mechanical ventilation (MV-group). Micro-CT images were acquired in all subjects at the beginning and at the end of the ventilation stage following induction of lung injury. Regional strain, strain progression and strain heterogeneity were computed from image-based biomechanical analysis. Three-dimensional regional strain maps were constructed, from which a region-of-interest (ROI) analysis was performed for the regional strain, the strain progression, and the strain heterogeneity. RESULTS: After 3 h of ventilation, regional strain levels were significantly higher in 43.7% of the ROIs in the SB-group. Significant increase in regional strain was found in 1.2% of the ROIs in the MV-group. Progression of regional strain was found in 100% of the ROIs in the SB-group, whereas the MV-group displayed strain progression in 1.2% of the ROIs. Progression in regional strain heterogeneity was found in 23.4% of the ROIs in the SB-group, while the MV-group resulted in 4.7% of the ROIs showing significant changes. Deformation progression is concurrent with an increase of non-aerated compartment in SB-group (from 13.3% ± 1.6% to 37.5% ± 3.1%), being higher in ventral regions of the lung. CONCLUSIONS: Spontaneous breathing in lung injury promotes regional strain and strain heterogeneity progression. In contrast, low Vt MV prevents regional strain and heterogeneity progression in injured lungs.
ABSTRACT
Deterioration of lung function during the first week of COVID-19 has been observed when patients remain with insufficient respiratory support. Patient self-inflicted lung injury (P-SILI) is theorized as the responsible, but there is not robust experimental and clinical data to support it. Given the limited understanding of P-SILI, we describe the physiological basis of P-SILI and we show experimental data to comprehend the role of regional strain and heterogeneity in lung injury due to increased work of breathing.In addition, we discuss the current approach to respiratory support for COVID-19 under this point of view.
Subject(s)
Coronavirus Infections/physiopathology , Disease Progression , Lung Injury/physiopathology , Pneumonia, Viral/physiopathology , Work of Breathing/physiology , COVID-19 , Coronavirus Infections/therapy , Critical Care , Humans , Lung Injury/etiology , Pandemics , Pneumonia, Viral/therapy , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Respiration, ArtificialABSTRACT
Introduction: Breathing produces a phenomenon of cyclic deformation throughout life. Biomechanically, deformation of the lung is measured as strain. Regional strain recently started to be recognised as a tool in the study of lung pathophysiology, but regional lung strain has not been studied in healthy subjects breathing spontaneously without voluntary or pharmacological control of ventilation. Our aim is to generate three-dimensional (3D) regional strain and heterogeneity maps of healthy rat lungs and describe their changes over time. Methods: Micro-CT and image-based biomechanical analysis by finite element approach were carried out in six anaesthetised rats under spontaneous breathing in two different states, at the beginning of the experiment and after 3 hours of observation. 3D regional strain maps were constructed and divided into 10 isovolumetric region-of-interest (ROI) in three directions (apex to base, dorsal to ventral and costal to mediastinal), allowing to regionally analyse the volumetric strain, the strain progression and the strain heterogeneity. To describe in depth these parameters, and systematise their report, we defined regional strain heterogeneity index [1+strain SD ROI(x)]/[1+strain mean ROI(x)] and regional strain progression index [ROI(x)-mean of final strain/ROI(x)-mean of initial strain]. Results: We were able to generate 3D regional strain maps of the lung in subjects without respiratory support, showing significant differences among the three analysed axes. We observed a significantly lower regional volumetric strain in the apex sector compared with the base, with no significant anatomical systematic differences in the other directions. This heterogeneity could not be identified with physiological or standard CT methods. There was no progression of the analysed regional volumetric strain when the two time-points were compared. Discussion: It is possible to map the regional volumetric strain in the lung for healthy subjects during spontaneous breathing. Regional strain heterogeneity and changes over time can be measured using a CT image-based numerical analysis applying a finite element approach. These results support that healthy lung might have significant regional strain and its spatial distribution is highly heterogeneous. This protocol for CT image acquisition and analysis could be a useful tool for helping to understand the mechanobiology of the lung in many diseases.
Subject(s)
Imaging, Three-Dimensional , Lung/diagnostic imaging , Respiration , Animals , Biomechanical Phenomena , Feasibility Studies , Lung/physiology , Models, Animal , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , X-Ray MicrotomographyABSTRACT
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Subject(s)
Humans , Meningioma/surgery , Gelatin Sponge, Absorbable/therapeutic use , Embolization, Therapeutic/methods , Preoperative Care/methods , Blood Loss, Surgical/prevention & controlABSTRACT
Introducción. Existen diversos abordajes para la columna toracolumbar: anterior, lateral, posterior y combinados. Cada uno de ellos presenta sus ventajas y desventajas. La corporectomía fragmentaria progresiva posterior (CFPP) o corporectomía transpedicular puede ser realizada en un solo tiempo quirúrgico, permitiendo además disminuir los riesgos de los otros abordajes y lograr una adecuada estabilización del raquis. En este trabajo analizamos la experiencia de nuestro Servicio en este abordaje. Material y método: Análisis de la técnica utilizada y realización del abordaje en un espécimen anatómico donde se jerarquizan algunos detalles de importancia según nuestra experiencia. Estudio retrospectivo entre los años 2001-2005. Se analizaron diversas variables epidemiológicas, preoperatorios y postoperatorias a partir de los datos de las historias clínicas de 27 pacientes intervenidos durante ese período. Resultados: Localización: 10 a nivel dorsal y 17 a nivel lumbar. Etiología: 3 patologías infecciosas, 10 traumáticas y 17 tumorales. Se fijaron 24 pacientes en el primer acto quirúrgico y tres en un segundo acto (dada su etiología infecciosa). Sólo un paciente presentó como complicación una fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo. Ningún paciente presentó agravación de su estado neurológico. Todos los casos presentaron buena estabilidad raquídea. Conclusiones: Esta técnica permite maximizar una región anatómica, otorgando un amplio y seguro campo quirúrgico. Consideramos esta vía como una opción para el tratamiento de patología del cuerpo vertebral.
Objetive: There are many approaches to the thoracolumbar spine: anterior, lateral, posterior and combined. Each one of them present advantages and disadvantages. The posterior progressive fragmentary corporectomy (PPFC) or transpedicular corporectomy offers the advantage to be made in a single surgical time, allowing in addition to lessen the risks of the other approaches and to obtain a suitable stabilization of the spine. Material and Methods: Analysis of the technique and practice of an apprach in a cadaveric specimen giving importance to theremark of certain details of the technique. Restrospective study between years 2001-2005. Diverse epidemiologic preoperating and postoperative variables were analyzed from data of the of 27 operated patients with this procedure. Results: Localization: 10 at lumbar and 17 at dorsal spine. Etiology: 3 infectious, 10 traumatic and 17 tumoral pathologies.Twenty four patients were stabilized in an unique operation, and three in a second time (given its infectious etiology). Only one patient presented a CSF leak as a complication. No patientpresented aggravation of inicial neurological state. All the cases showed good spine stability. Conclusion: The amount of operative exposure achived using this technique is wide and safe. We consider this approach as an option for the treatment of vertebral body pathology.
