ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The risk of death after kidney transplant is associated with the age of the recipient, presence of comorbidities, socioeconomic status, local environmental characteristics and access to health care. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the causes and risk factors associated with death during the first 5 years after kidney transplantation. METHODS: This was a single-center, retrospective, matched case-control study. RESULTS: Using a consecutive cohort of 1,873 kidney transplant recipients from January 1st 2007 to December 31st 2009, there were 162 deaths (case group), corresponding to 5-year patient survival of 91.4%. Of these deaths, 25% occurred during the first 3 months after transplant. The most prevalent cause of death was infectious (53%) followed by cardiovascular (24%). Risk factors associated with death were history of diabetes, dialysis type and time, unemployment, delayed graft function, number of visits to center, number of hospitalizations, and duration of hospital stay. After multivariate analysis, only time on dialysis, number of visits to center, and days in hospital were still associated with death. Patients who died had a non-significant higher number of treated acute rejection episodes (38% vs. 29%, p = 0.078), higher mean number of adverse events per patient (5.1 ± 3.8 vs. 3.8 ± 2.9, p = 0.194), and lower mean eGFR at 3 months (50.8 ± 25.1 vs. 56.7 ± 20.7, p = 0.137) and 48 months (45.9 ± 23.8 vs. 58.5 ± 20.2, p = 0.368). CONCLUSION: This analysis confirmed that in this population, infection is the leading cause of mortality over the first 5 years after kidney transplantation. Several demographic and socioeconomic risk factors were associated with death, most of which are not readily modifiable.
Subject(s)
Kidney Transplantation/mortality , Case-Control Studies , Environment , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , Risk Assessment , Socioeconomic Factors , Survival Rate , Time FactorsABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Introduction: The risk of death after kidney transplant is associated with the age of the recipient, presence of comorbidities, socioeconomic status, local environmental characteristics and access to health care. Objective: To investigate the causes and risk factors associated with death during the first 5 years after kidney transplantation. Methods: This was a single-center, retrospective, matched case-control study. Results: Using a consecutive cohort of 1,873 kidney transplant recipients from January 1st 2007 to December 31st 2009, there were 162 deaths (case group), corresponding to 5-year patient survival of 91.4%. Of these deaths, 25% occurred during the first 3 months after transplant. The most prevalent cause of death was infectious (53%) followed by cardiovascular (24%). Risk factors associated with death were history of diabetes, dialysis type and time, unemployment, delayed graft function, number of visits to center, number of hospitalizations, and duration of hospital stay. After multivariate analysis, only time on dialysis, number of visits to center, and days in hospital were still associated with death. Patients who died had a non-significant higher number of treated acute rejection episodes (38% vs. 29%, p = 0.078), higher mean number of adverse events per patient (5.1 ± 3.8 vs. 3.8 ± 2.9, p = 0.194), and lower mean eGFR at 3 months (50.8 ± 25.1 vs. 56.7 ± 20.7, p = 0.137) and 48 months (45.9 ± 23.8 vs. 58.5 ± 20.2, p = 0.368). Conclusion: This analysis confirmed that in this population, infection is the leading cause of mortality over the first 5 years after kidney transplantation. Several demographic and socioeconomic risk factors were associated with death, most of which are not readily modifiable.
RESUMO Introdução: O risco de óbito após transplante renal está associado à idade do receptor, presença de comorbidades, condição socioeconômica, às características ambientais locais e ao acesso a serviços de atenção à saúde. Objetivo: Investigar as causas e fatores de risco associados ao óbito nos primeiros cinco anos após o transplante renal. Métodos: Este é um estudo unicêntrico retrospectivo com pareamento dos grupos caso e controle. Resultados: Em uma coorte consecutiva de 1.873 receptores de transplante renal atendidos de 1/1/2007 a 31/12/2009 foram registrados 162 óbitos (grupo caso), correspondendo a uma taxa de sobrevida após cinco anos de 91,4%. Dos óbitos registrados, 25% ocorreram nos primeiros três meses após o transplante. A causa de óbito mais prevalente foi infecção (53%), seguida de doença cardiovascular (24%). Os fatores de risco associados a mortalidade foram histórico de diabetes, tipo e tempo em diálise, desemprego, função tardia do enxerto, número de consultas, número de hospitalizações e tempo de internação hospitalar. Após análise multivariada, apenas o tempo em diálise, o número de consultas e dias de internação permaneceram associados a mortalidade. Os pacientes que foram a óbito tiveram um número não significativamente maior de tratamentos de episódios de rejeição aguda (38% vs. 29%; p = 0,078), maior número médio de eventos adversos por paciente (5,1 ± 3,8 vs. 3,8 ± 2,9; p = 0,194) e TFGe média mais baixa aos três meses (50,8 ± 25,1 vs. 56,7 ± 20,7; p = 0,137) e 48 meses (45,9 ± 23,8 vs. 58,5 ± 20,2; p = 0,368). Conclusão: A presente análise confirmou que nessa população, a infecção foi a principal causa de mortalidade nos primeiros cinco anos após transplante renal. Vários fatores de risco demográficos e socioeconômicos foram associados a mortalidade, a maioria não prontamente modificável.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Kidney Transplantation/mortality , Socioeconomic Factors , Time Factors , Case-Control Studies , Survival Rate , Retrospective Studies , Risk Assessment , EnvironmentABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: This analysis compared efficacy, renal function, and histology in kidney transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus (TAC) combined with everolimus (EVR) or mycophenolate (MPS). METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis from a randomized trial in kidney transplant recipients who received a single 3 mg/kg dose of rabbit antithymocyte globulin (r-ATG), TAC, EVR, and prednisone (PRED; r-ATG/EVR, n = 85), basiliximab (BAS), TAC, EVR, and PRED (BAS/EVR, n = 102) or BAS, TAC, MPS, and PRED (BAS/MPS, n = 101). We evaluated the incidence of de novo donor-specific anti-human leukocyte antigens antibodies (DSA) and histology on protocol biopsies at 12 months, and the incidence of acute rejection, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and proteinuria at 36 months. RESULTS: At 12 months, there were no differences in de novo DSA (6.4 vs. 3.4 vs. 5.5%) or in subclinical inflammation (2.0 vs. 4.8 vs. 10.2%), interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy (57.1 vs. 58.5 vs. 53.8%) and C4d deposition (2.0 vs. 7.3 vs. 2.6%). At 36 months, there were no differences in the incidence of treatment failure (19.0 vs. 27.7 vs. 27.7%, p = 0.186), first biopsy-proven acute rejection (9.5 vs. 21.8 vs. 16.8%, p = 0.073), and urine protein/creatinine ratios (0.53 ± 1.05 vs. 0.62 ± 0.75 vs. 0.71 ± 1.24). eGFR was lower in the BAS/EVR compared to that in the BAS/MPS group (53.4 ± 20.9 vs. 50.8 ± 19.5 vs. 60.7 ± 21.2 mL/min/1.73 m2, p = 0.017) but comparable using a sensitive analysis (49.5 ± 23 vs. 47.5 ± 22.6 vs. 53.6 ± 27.8 mL/min/1.73 m2, p = 0.207). CONCLUSION: In this cohort, the use of EVR and reduced TAC concentrations were associated with comparable efficacy, renal function, and histological parameters compared to the standard-of-care immunosuppressive regimen.
