Clinical outcomes after first-line HIV treatment failure in South Africa: the next cascade of care.

INTRODUCTION: There is limited literature on the appropriateness of viral load (VL) monitoring and management of detectable VL in public health settings in rural South Africa. METHODS: We analysed data captured in the electronic patient register from HIV-positive patients ≥ 15 years old initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) in 17 public sector clinics in rural KwaZulu-Natal, during 2010-2016. We estimated the completion rate for VL monitoring at 6, 12, and 24 months. We described the cascade of care for those with any VL measurement ≥ 1000 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL after ≥ 20 weeks on ART, including the following proportions: (1) repeat VL within 6 months; (2) re-suppressed; (3) switched to second-line regimen. RESULTS: There were 29 384 individuals who initiated ART during the period [69% female, median age 31 years (interquartile range 25-39)]. Of those in care at 6, 12, and 24 months, 40.7% (9861/24 199), 34% (7765/22 807), and 25.5% (4334/16 965) had a VL test at each recommended time-point, respectively. The VL results were documented at all recommended time-points for 12% (2730/22 807) and 6.2% (1054/16 965) of ART-treated patients for 12 and 24 months, respectively. Only 391 (18.3%) of 2135 individuals with VL ≥ 1000 copies/mL on first-line ART had a repeat VL documenting re-suppression or were appropriately changed to second-line with persistent failure. Completion of the treatment failure cascade occurred a median of 338 days after failure was detected. CONCLUSION: We found suboptimal VL monitoring and poor responses to virologic failure in public-sector ART clinics in rural South Arica. Implications include increased likelihood of morbidity and transmission of drug-resistant HIV.

Morbidity in HIV-1-infected individuals before and after the introduction of antiretroviral therapy: a longitudinal study of a population-based cohort in Uganda.

BACKGROUND: We compared morbidities in HIV-1-infected patients before and after the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in a rural Ugandan cohort followed from 1990 to 2008. ART was introduced in 2004. METHODS: Random-effects Poisson regression models were used to estimate incidence rates of World Health Organization (WHO) stage-defining diseases in HIV-infected individuals aged 13 years or older with known seroconversion dates, and in an age-stratified sample of HIV-negative individuals. RESULTS: The most common morbid event was bacterial pneumonia, with an incidence of 7.4/100 person-years (pyr) among 309 HIV seroconverters and 1.3/100 pyr among 348 HIV-negative participants [hazard ratio (HR) 5.64; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.6-8.8]. Among seroconverters, the incidence of the acquisition of any WHO stage-defining disease rose from 14.4/100 pyr (95% CI 11.1-18.6) in 1990-1998 to 46.0/100 pyr (95% CI 37.7-56.0) in 1999-2003. Following the introduction of ART, the incidence among seroconverters declined to 36.4/100 pyr (95% CI 27.1-48.9) in 2004-2005 and to 28.3/100 pyr (95% CI 21.2-37.8) in 2006-2008. At the individual level, a higher rate of acquiring any WHO stage-defining disease was independently associated with lower CD4 cell count, longer duration of HIV infection and older age. In addition, individuals who had been on ART for longer than 12 months had a substantially lower rate of any WHO stage disease than those not yet on ART (adjusted HR 0.35; 95% CI 0.2-0.6). CONCLUSION: Morbidity in HIV-positive participants decreased following the introduction of ART, and this decline was more marked with increasing duration on ART. The benefits of decreased HIV-related morbidity from ART lend support to urgent efforts to ensure universal access to early diagnosis of HIV infection and to ART, especially in rural Africa.

Diagnostic utility of urethral smears in predicting urethral chlamydia in HIV-infected men.

We collected data from 218 HIV-infected men to assess the usefulness of the urethral smear and symptoms in predicting Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Prevalence of urethral chlamydia was 9%. A polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMNL) count>or=5 was 73% sensitive and 71% specific for C. trachomatis infection. Adjusted odds ratio for risk of chlamydial infection was significant for urethral irritation (7.48; 1.54-36.4), a PMNL count of 20 or more (9.83; 2.52-8.4) and a PMNL count of 5-19 (4.10; 1.34-12.5). We had to perform 50 urethral smears in HIV-positive men without symptoms to treat one case of C. trachomatis at the time of visit. Findings suggest that the presence of symptoms, in particular urethral irritation may be associated with chlamydial urethritis and that the higher the urethral PMNL count, the more likely it is for C. trachomatis to be detected. The findings in this study also lend further support to recent guidelines that urethral microscopy is not useful in asymptomatic men and hence should be abandoned.