ABSTRACT
Essentials Nitric oxide synthesis controls protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) function. Nitric oxide (NO) modulation of PDI controls endothelial thrombogenicity. S-nitrosylated PDI inhibits platelet function and thrombosis. Nitric oxide maintains vascular quiescence in part through inhibition of PDI. SUMMARY: Background Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) plays an essential role in thrombus formation, and PDI inhibition is being evaluated clinically as a novel anticoagulant strategy. However, little is known about the regulation of PDI in the vasculature. Thiols within the catalytic motif of PDI are essential for its role in thrombosis. These same thiols bind nitric oxide (NO), which is a potent regulator of vessel function. To determine whether regulation of PDI represents a mechanism by which NO controls vascular quiescence, we evaluated the effect of NO on PDI function in endothelial cells and platelets, and thrombus formation in vivo. Aim To assess the effect of S-nitrosylation on the regulation of PDI and other thiol isomerases in the vasculature. Methods and results The role of endogenous NO in PDI activity was evaluated by incubating endothelium with an NO scavenger, which resulted in exposure of free thiols, increased thiol isomerase activity, and enhanced thrombin generation on the cell membrane. Conversely, exposure of endothelium to NO+ carriers or elevation of endogenous NO levels by induction of NO synthesis resulted in S-nitrosylation of PDI and decreased surface thiol reductase activity. S-nitrosylation of platelet PDI inhibited its reductase activity, and S-nitrosylated PDI interfered with platelet aggregation, α-granule release, and thrombin generation on platelets. S-nitrosylated PDI also blocked laser-induced thrombus formation when infused into mice. S-nitrosylated ERp5 and ERp57 were found to have similar inhibitory activity. Conclusions These studies identify NO as a critical regulator of vascular PDI, and show that regulation of PDI function is an important mechanism by which NO maintains vascular quiescence.
Subject(s)
Endothelial Cells/metabolism , Nitric Oxide/metabolism , Protein Disulfide-Isomerases/metabolism , Thrombosis/metabolism , Abdominal Muscles/metabolism , Animals , Blood Platelets/cytology , Blood Platelets/metabolism , Cell Membrane/metabolism , Factor Xa/metabolism , Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells , Humans , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , P-Selectin/metabolism , Platelet Activation , Platelet Aggregation , Recombinant Proteins/metabolism , Sulfhydryl Compounds/metabolism , Thrombin/metabolismSubject(s)
Alprostadil/analogs & derivatives , Blood Platelets/cytology , Receptors, Prostaglandin E/metabolism , 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid/pharmacology , Alprostadil/metabolism , Atherosclerosis/metabolism , Blood Platelets/metabolism , Cardiovascular System , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Humans , P-Selectin/biosynthesis , Platelet Activating Factor/metabolism , Platelet AggregationABSTRACT
An altered vascular reactivity is an important manifestation of the hemodynamic and renal dysfunction during liver cirrhosis. Oxidative stress-derived substances and nitric oxide (NO) have been shown to be involved in those alterations. In fact, both can affect vascular contractile function, directly or by influencing intracellular signaling pathways. Nevertheless, it is unknown whether oxidative stress contributes to the impaired systemic and renal vascular reactivity observed in cirrhosis. To test this, we evaluated the effect of vitamin E supplementation (5,000 IU/kg diet) on the vasoconstrictor and vasodilator responses of isolated perfused kidneys and aortic rings of rats with cirrhosis induced by bile duct ligation (BDL), and on the expression of renal and aortic phospho-extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2). BDL induced a blunted renal vascular response to phenylephrine and ACh, while BDL aortic rings responded less to phenylephrine but normally to ACh. Cirrhotic rats had higher levels of oxidative stress-derived substances [measured as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS)] and NO (measured as urinary nitrite excretion) than controls. Vitamin E supplementation normalized the renal hyporesponse to phenylephrine and ACh in BDL, although failed to modify it in aortic rings. Furthermore, vitamin E decreased levels of TBARS, increased levels of NO, and normalized the increased kidney expression of p-ERK1/2 of the BDL rats. In conclusion, BDL rats showed a blunted vascular reactivity to phenylephrine and ACh, more pronounced in the kidney and reversed by vitamin E pretreatment, suggesting a role for oxidative stress in those abnormalities.
Subject(s)
Bile Ducts/physiopathology , Bile Ducts/surgery , Kidney/drug effects , Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/physiopathology , Vitamin E/pharmacology , Acetylcholine/pharmacology , Animals , Aorta, Thoracic/enzymology , Aorta, Thoracic/physiopathology , Bile Ducts/drug effects , Chronic Disease , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Enzyme Activation , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Kidney/blood supply , Kidney/enzymology , Kidney/physiopathology , Ligation/adverse effects , Male , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism , Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology , Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology , NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester/pharmacology , Nitric Oxide/analysis , Nitric Oxide/metabolism , Nitrites/urine , Nitroprusside/pharmacology , Perfusion , Phenylephrine/pharmacology , Random Allocation , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances/analysis , Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances/metabolism , Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology , Vasodilator Agents/pharmacologyABSTRACT
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