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1.
Rev Neurol ; 70(8): 293-299, 2020 Apr 16.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32242336

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Deep brain stimulation is an effective therapy that is being used in an increasing number of indications. The mechanisms by which it exerts its therapeutic effect are still largely unknown, although there is increasing evidence of its influence at various levels. AIM: To review the existing literature on the mechanism of action of deep brain stimulation. DEVELOPMENT: Deep brain stimulation acts on brain tissue that is stimulated at various levels: molecular, cellular and neural networks. Spatial, temporal and electrical factors are involved in its effectiveness, but it mainly seems to perform its function by replacing anomalous firing patterns, which are present in certain neurological and psychiatric diseases. Other mechanisms, such as neuroprotection or neurogenesis, remain under study. CONCLUSIONS: Although many of the effects by which deep brain stimulation acts on the brain are still unknown, it seems to be a complex treatment, with large-scale effects, in which the correction of circuitopathies seems to prevail as the main mechanism.


TITLE: Bases de la estimulación cerebral profunda.Introducción. La estimulación cerebral profunda es una terapia eficaz que está siendo utilizada en un número creciente de indicaciones. Los mecanismos mediante los cuales ejerce efecto terapéutico aún se desconocen en su mayor parte, si bien cada vez se dispone de más datos sobre su influencia en diversos niveles. Objetivo. Revisar la bibliografía existente sobre el mecanismo de acción de la estimulación cerebral profunda. Desarrollo. La estimulación cerebral profunda actúa sobre el tejido cerebral estimulado en varios niveles, molecular, celular y de redes neuronales. En su efectividad intervienen factores espaciales, temporales y eléctricos, pero fundamentalmente parece ejercer su función mediante la sustitución de patrones de disparo anómalos, presentes en ciertas enfermedades neurológicas y psiquiátricas. Otros mecanismos, como la neuroprotección o la neurogénesis, permanecen en estudio. Conclusiones. Aunque aún se desconocen muchos efectos por los cuales la estimulación cerebral profunda actúa en el cerebro, parece un tratamiento complejo, con efectos a gran escala, en los que parece primar la corrección de circuitopatías como mecanismo principal.


Subject(s)
Brain Diseases/therapy , Deep Brain Stimulation , Mental Disorders/therapy , Brain/physiopathology , Brain Diseases/physiopathology , Humans , Mental Disorders/physiopathology
2.
Rev Neurol ; 70(5): 183-192, 2020 Mar 01.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32100279

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) in drug-resistant epilepsy has been applied to several brain targets. However, its exact mechanism of action is not known, and the diversity of targets makes it difficult to know the degree of evidence that supports its use. DEVELOPMENT: A review of the literature on DBS for drug-resistant epilepsy was conducted. The efficacy of DBS in drug-resistant epilepsy seems to be mediated by a desynchronisation of neuronal activity at the epileptogenic focus or a modulation of the «circuitopathies¼ that exist in epilepsy, depending on the target. In DBS multiple cortical and subcortical structures have been used, but class I evidence exists only for DBS of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus. CONCLUSIONS: DBS in epilepsy is still under investigation, with class I evidence for DBS of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus. The rest of the targets have yielded variable results that must be confirmed with randomised designs in larger series.


TITLE: Estimulación cerebral profunda en la epilepsia farmacorresistente.Introducción. La estimulación cerebral profunda (ECP) en la epilepsia farmacorresistente se ha aplicado en varias dianas cerebrales. Sin embargo, su mecanismo de acción no se conoce con exactitud, y la diversidad de dianas hace difícil conocer el grado de evidencia que apoya su utilización. Desarrollo. Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica sobre la ECP para la epilepsia farmacorresistente. La eficacia de la ECP en la epilepsia farmacorresistente parece mediada por una desincronización de la actividad neuronal en el foco epileptógeno o una modulación de las circuitopatías que existen en la epilepsia, dependiendo de la diana. En la ECP se han utilizado múltiples estructuras corticales y subcorticales, pero solamente la ECP del núcleo anterior del tálamo tiene una evidencia de clase I. Conclusiones. La ECP en la epilepsia es aún objeto de investigación, con evidencia de clase I en la ECP del núcleo anterior del tálamo. El resto de las dianas ha arrojado resultados variables que deben confirmarse con diseños aleatorizados en series de mayor tamaño.


Subject(s)
Deep Brain Stimulation/methods , Drug Resistant Epilepsy/therapy , Animals , Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use , Brain/physiopathology , CA1 Region, Hippocampal/physiopathology , Deep Brain Stimulation/adverse effects , Delta Rhythm , Disease Models, Animal , Drug Resistant Epilepsy/physiopathology , Evidence-Based Medicine , Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials , Humans , Organ Specificity , Rats , Synapses/physiology
3.
Neurocirugia (Astur) ; 18(2): 134-7, 2007 Apr.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17497060

ABSTRACT

Tension pneumocephalus is a rare complication of transsphenoidal approaches. The case of a 37 year old woman with a transsphenoidal resection of a pituitary adenoma who presented self-limited rhinoliquorrhea postoperatively is reported. Three days later the patient developed progressive decreased consciousness, amnesia and headache, showing an intraventricular tension pneumocephalus on CT scan. Urgent treatment with bilateral external ventricular drainage and anterior nasal tamponade was performed with good clinical outcome. Later transsphenoidal sealing of the dural defect was achieved without recurrence. Tension pneumocephalus following transsphenoidal surgery usually occurs after the presentation of a cerebrospinal fluid leak due to an incomplete sealing of the sphenoid sinus. The postoperative insertion of a lumbar drainage seems to be a predisposing condition for this complication. The combined approach of tension pneumocephalus with external ventricular drainage and repair of the sphenoid sinus offers optimal results solving the acute neurological deterioration and avoiding recurrence.


Subject(s)
Neurosurgical Procedures/adverse effects , Pneumocephalus/etiology , Postoperative Complications , Sphenoid Sinus/surgery , Adult , Female , Humans , Neurosurgical Procedures/methods , Review Literature as Topic , Tomography, X-Ray Computed
4.
Neurocir. - Soc. Luso-Esp. Neurocir ; 18(2): 134-137, mar.-abr. 2007. ilus
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-70308

ABSTRACT

El neumoencéfalo a tensión (NT) es una complicaciónrara de los abordajes transesfenoidales. Se describeel caso de una mujer de 37 años intervenida de unadenoma de hipófisis por vía transesfenoidal que presentórinolicuorrea autolimitada en el postoperatorio.A los tres días la paciente desarrolló un deterioro progresivode conciencia, amnesia anterógrada y cefalea,detectándose en la TC un NT intraventricular. Se realizóun tratamiento urgente con drenaje ventricularexterno bilateral y taponamiento nasal anterior conbuena respuesta clínica. De modo diferido se procedió ala revisión del abordaje esfenoidal lográndose el cierredefinitivo del defecto dural sin recidiva posterior.El NT después de la cirugía por vía esfenoidal sueleocurrir tras la aparición de una fístula de LCR debido alsellado incompleto del seno esfenoidal. La colocación deun drenaje lumbar postoperatorio parece predisponera esta complicación. El enfoque terapéutico combinadodel NT mediante drenaje ventricular externo y reparacióndel seno esfenoidal ofrece un resultado óptimo conuna solución rápida para el deterioro neurológico delpaciente y evita las recidivas


Tension pneumocephalus is a rare complication of transsphenoidal approaches. The case of a 37 yearold woman with a transsphenoidal resection of a pituitaryadenoma who presented self-limited rhinoliquorrheapostoperatively is reported. Three days later thepatient developed progressive decreased consciousness,amnesia and headache, showing an intraventriculartension pneumocephalus on CT scan. Urgent treatmentwith bilateral external ventricular drainage and anteriornasal tamponade was performed with good clinicaloutcome. Later transsphenoidal sealing of the duraldefect was achieved without recurrence.Tension pneumocephalus following transsphenoidalsurgery usually occurs after the presentation of a cerebrospinalfluid leak due to an incomplete sealing of thesphenoid sinus. The postoperative insertion of a lumbardrainage seems to be a predisposing condition for thiscomplication. The combined approach of tension pneumocephaluswith external ventricular drainage andrepair of the sphenoid sinus offers optimal results solvingthe acute neurological deterioration and avoidingrecurrence


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Neurosurgical Procedures/adverse effects , Neurosurgical Procedures/methods , Pneumocephalus/etiology , Postoperative Complications , Sphenoid Sinus/surgery , Tomography, X-Ray Computed
5.
Rev Neurol ; 41(12): 725-32, 2005.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16355357

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Cavernous angiomas are uncommon lesions, with a reported incidence of 0.4 to 0.8%, presenting a controversial management especially regarding their surgical treatment. AIM: To update cavernous angiomas characteristics and management through a deep review of the literature concerning their aetiology, epidemiology, history, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and surgical and radiosurgical treatment. DEVELOPMENT AND CONCLUSIONS: Most important advances found in the recent literature include the identification of the genetic basis responsible for the familial form of cavernomatosis (CCM1, CCM2 and CCM3), the identification of the dynamic pattern of these lesions based on their pathology and imaging features, the deeper knowledge on their natural history depending on their supra/infratentorial location, and the main indications for surgical treatment and radiosurgical therapy suggested by the recent series.


Subject(s)
Brain Neoplasms , Hemangioma, Cavernous , Brain Neoplasms/etiology , Brain Neoplasms/pathology , Brain Neoplasms/physiopathology , Brain Neoplasms/therapy , Diagnosis, Differential , Hemangioma, Cavernous/etiology , Hemangioma, Cavernous/pathology , Hemangioma, Cavernous/physiopathology , Hemangioma, Cavernous/therapy , Humans , Neurosurgery
6.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 41(12): 725-732, 16 dic., 2005. ilus, tab
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-043203

ABSTRACT

Introducción. Los cavernomas son lesiones poco habituales, con una incidencia estimada del 0,4 al 0,8%, y que plantean múltiples controversias especialmente en lo que concierne a su tratamiento. Objetivo. Actualizar mediante una revisión bibliográfica extensa las principales características etiológicas, epidemiológicas, históricas, clínicas, diagnósticas y de tratamiento de los angiomas cavernosos en el sistema nervioso central. Desarrollo y conclusiones. Entre los principales hallazgos obtenidos destacan los avances en el origen genético de las cavernomatosis familiares, con la identificación de los genes responsables (CCM1, CCM2 y CCM3), la condición dinámica de los angiomas cavernosos según los estudios histológicos y de imagen, los avances en el conocimiento de su historia natural según su localización supra/infratentorial, y las indicaciones de tratamiento quirúrgico sugeridas por las distintas series revisadas, así como el papel actual del tratamiento mediante radiocirugía de los cavernomas no accesibles quirúrgicamente


Introduction. Cavernous angiomas are uncommon lesions, with a reported incidence of 0,4 to 0,8%, presenting a controversial management especially regarding their surgical treatment. Aim. To update cavernous angiomas characteristics and management through a deep review of the literature concerning their aetiology, epidemiology, history, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and surgical and radiosurgical treatment. Development and conclusions. Most important advances found in the recent literature include the identification of the genetic basis responsible for the familial form of cavernomatosis (CCM1, CCM2 and CCM3), the identification of the dynamic pattern of these lesions based on their pathology and imaging features, the deeper knowledge on their natural history depending on their supra/infratentorial location, and the main indications for surgical treatment and radiosurgical therapy suggested by the recent series


Subject(s)
Humans , Hemangioma/etiology , Hemangioma/pathology , Hemangioma/physiopathology , Hemangioma/therapy , Brain Neoplasms/etiology , Brain Neoplasms/pathology , Brain Neoplasms/physiopathology , Brain Neoplasms/therapy , Diagnosis, Differential , Neurosurgery
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