[Monitoring of congenital malformations at the institutions of the Federal Biomedical Agency of Russia].

The purpose of the study was to estimate the incidence of new cases of congenital malformations (CM) in the population living in the areas supervised by the Federal Biomedical Agency (FBMA) of Russia. The latter has a CM register that is conformity with the recommendations of the EUROCAT, Clearinghouse, and Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. The CM register operates in accordance with the orders of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (No. 268 dated September 10, 1998) and the FBMA of Russia. In 2000-2005, data on the incidence of new cases of CM were gathered by simultaneously collecting those on the working conditions of the parents of children with CM. The created CM register is a component of sociohygienic monitoring of the population residing in the vicinity of the objects with particularly dangerous working conditions, which are supervised by the FBMA of Russia.

[Prevention of late consequences of mutagenic exposure on workers].

The staff of the branches of industry, which are followed up by the Federal Biomedical Agency (FBMA) Agency of Russia, is constantly exposed to chemical and radioactive agents in small doses both during its work at these enterprises and due to atmospheric emissions. These agents can cause mutations in human somatic and germ cells, which may in turn increase the risk of cancer and congenital abnormalities. Only complex prevention of late consequences of mutagenic exposure on the health status will make it possible to reduce the incidence of malignancies and congenital and hereditary diseases in the staff and the general population. The list of their primary prevention measures proposed to be introduced into the system of the Federal Biomedical Agency of Russia.

[Integrated population genetic and medical genetic study of two raions of the Tver oblast]. / Kompleksnoe populiatsionno- i mediko-geneticheskoe issledovanie naseleniia dvukh raionov Tverskoi oblasti.

An integrated medical genetic an population genetic study has been performed in two raions (administrative districts) of the Tver oblast (region) of Russia: the Udomlya raion located in the zone affected by the Kalininskaya Nuclear Power Plant and the Ostashkov raion, which served as a control district. No significant differences has been found with respect to the genetic parameters studied. The values of these parameters in the populations of the town of Udomlya, the town of Ostashkov, the Udomlya raion, and the Ostashkov raion, respectively, are the following: random inbreeding, 0.00006, 0.00011, 0.000167, and 0.000366; endogamy index, 0.05, 0.43, 0.30, and 0.42; local inbreeding, 0.0003, 0.00045, 0.0009, and 0.0011; the degree of isolation by distance, 0.0003, 0.00045, 0.0009, and 0.0005; sigma, 2098, 1338, 1473, and 1189; the load of autosomal dominant (AD) diseases, 0.71, 0.92, 0.92, and 1.37; the load of autosomal recessive (AR) diseases, 0.68, 0.69, 0.67, and 0.82; and the load of X-linked diseases, 0.18, 0.64, 0.83, and 0.27.

[Genetic and demographic structure of Russian populations from the Tver' and Rostov regions]. / Genetiko-demograficheskaia kharakteristika russkikh Tverskoi i Rostovskoi oblastei.

Based on the data from 569 questionnaires collected in Udomlya and Ostashkov raions of Tver oblast and 436 questionnaires collected in Tsimlyansk and Dubovsk raions of Rostov oblast, genetic demographic characteristics and Crow's index for urban and rural populations of these regions were calculated. The data obtained were compared with those for other Russian populations obtained earlier.

[Study of reproductive behavior in Russian and Byelarus populations exposed to ionizing radiation as a consequence of the Chernobyl AES accident]. / Izuchenie reproduktivnogo povedeniia v populiatsiiakh Rossii i Belorussii, podvergshikhsia vozdeistviiu ioniziruiushchego izlucheniia v rezul'tate avarii na Chernobyl'skoi AES.

As a result of the Chernobyl accident the population in Gomel and Mogilev districts of Belorussia as well as in Bryansk district in Russia were exposed to ionizing radiation. The changes in pregnancy outcomes (spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, etc) are the integral indices reflecting the state of the population under post-accident conditions. The data obtained don't allow us to isolate reliably the radiation-induced component in post-accident behavior of the studied populations.

[Genetic analysis of the structure of the predisposition to diabetes mellitus. II. The prevalence, morbidity and heritability of diabetes mellitus]. / Geneticheskii analiz struktury predraspolozheniia k sakharnomu diabetu. Soobshchenie II. Rasprostranennost', zabolevaemost' i nasleduemost' sakharnogo diabeta.

Prevalence of diabetes mellitus (D.M.) was estimated in several Moscow districts. The prevalence increases with the age from 0.073 in males and 0.085% in females at the age of 16-19 yrs to 4.9 in males and 6.2% in females at the age of 75 yrs and older. The overall prevalence of D.M. was 1.12%. The morbidity risks have the same patterns of increase: from 0.007 and 0.008% at the age of 0-4 yrs to 1.6 and 2.7% at the age of 75 yrs and older in males and females, respectively. The values of "cumulative" morbidity risk, for the population living long enough, derived from the estimates of age-specific morbidity risks were 6.57 for males and 11.93% for females. The estimate of correlation between first-degree relatives at onset-age of D.M. was 0.307. Accounted for the age-at-onset of the probands and for current ages of siblings, the estimates of recurrence risks, i.e. the probability to develop D.M. for siblings living long enough, were: 27.28 for sisters of the male-probands, 21.59 for sisters of the female-probands, 19.28 for brothers of male-probands and 9.62% for brothers of the female-probands. Thus, the family distribution of D.M., according to the sex of the probands and that of their relatives corresponds to the multifactorial model of inheritance for the diseases with sex-specific thresholds. The estimates of correlation in liability and that of heritability of D.M. calculated from the data on sibs, were 0.284 +/- 0.0351 and 0.568 +/- 0.0702, respectively. The data obtained show that hereditary factors play an essential role in the development of D.M. These results are of a practical interest for genetic counselling, as well as for establishing the preventive measures in the Public Health Service.