Detección y diagnóstico molecular de un nuevo caso de analbuminemia congénita / Detection and molecular diagnosis of a new case of congenital analbuminaemia

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: La analbuminemia congénita (AAC) (MIM #616000) es una enfermedad autosómica recesiva (prevalencia <1/106) causada por defectos en el gen ALB que implican la ausencia o marcada disminución de la albuminemia. En este artículo, describimos un caso de AAC detectado en nuestro hospital. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Mujer de 42 años con hipoproteinemia e hipoalbuminemia de causa no filiada. El estudio bioquímico se realizó siguiendo las técnicas y los controles de calidad habituales de nuestro laboratorio: albuminemia (colorimetría y nefelometría); electroforesis de proteínas (capilar y gel de agarosa) y análisis molecular del gen ALB (extracción de ADN y amplificación PCR de los 14 exones codificantes más regiones intrónicas adyacentes y secuenciación Sanger). RESULTADOS: Descartadas las causas más frecuentes de hipoalbuminemia, se confirmó la analbuminemia por electroforesis y nefelometría. El estudio molecular del gen ALB evidenció la presencia de la variante c.1289+1G>A (variante Guimarães) en homozigosis. CONCLUSIONES: Este es el primer caso confirmado mediante estudio molecular de AAC en España. La paciente presenta la variante Guimarães descrita previamente en otros 4 pacientes en el mundo

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Congenital analbuminaemia (CCA) (MIM #616000) is an autosomal recessive disorder (prevalence < 1/106) caused by defects in the ALB gene leading to absence or severe reduction of albuminaemia. This paper describes a case of CCA detected and diagnosed in our hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 42-year old woman showing hypoproteinaemia and hypoalbuminaemia of unknown aetiology. Biochemical study was performed according to routine quality controlled analytical procedures: Albuminaemia (colorimetric and nephelometric methods). Protein electrophoresis (capillary and agarose gel). Molecular study of the ALB gene: DNA extraction, PCR amplification of the 14 coding exons plus adjacent intron regions and Sanger sequencing. RESULTS: After discarding the most common causes of hypoalbuminaemia, the analbuminaemia was confirmed by nephelometry and protein electrophoresis. The proband was found to be homozygous for molecular defect in the ALB gene: variant c.1289+1G>A previously reported as Guimarães variant. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first case of CCA confirmed by molecular study in Spain. The proband shows the Guimarães variant previously described in 4 patients worldwide

Detection and molecular diagnosis of a new case of congenital analbuminaemia. / Detección y diagnóstico molecular de un nuevo caso de analbuminemia congénita.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Congenital analbuminaemia (CCA) (MIM #616000) is an autosomal recessive disorder (prevalence < 1/106) caused by defects in the ALB gene leading to absence or severe reduction of albuminaemia. This paper describes a case of CCA detected and diagnosed in our hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 42-year old woman showing hypoproteinaemia and hypoalbuminaemia of unknown aetiology. Biochemical study was performed according to routine quality controlled analytical procedures: Albuminaemia (colorimetric and nephelometric methods). Protein electrophoresis (capillary and agarose gel). Molecular study of the ALB gene: DNA extraction, PCR amplification of the 14 coding exons plus adjacent intron regions and Sanger sequencing. RESULTS: After discarding the most common causes of hypoalbuminaemia, the analbuminaemia was confirmed by nephelometry and protein electrophoresis. The proband was found to be homozygous for molecular defect in the ALB gene: variant c.1289+1G>A previously reported as Guimarães variant. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first case of CCA confirmed by molecular study in Spain. The proband shows the Guimarães variant previously described in 4 patients worldwide.

Síndrome de Cushing ectópico: descripción de 9 casos / Ectopic Cushing syndrome: Report of 9 cases

Introducción: El síndrome de Cushing ectópico (SCE) es una entidad rara debida a la secreción de ACTH por tumores extrahipofisarios. Su baja frecuencia dificulta la adquisición de experiencia en su manejo. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir a los pacientes con SCE atendidos en el servicio de Endocrinología en un hospital de tercer nivel en un periodo de 15 años. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio retrospectivo de los datos clínicos, bioquímicos y radiológicos, tratamiento recibido, y evolución de los pacientes con SCE atendidos entre los años 2000 y 2015. Resultados: Se incluyeron 9 pacientes (6 mujeres) con una edad media de 47 años. El síndrome clínico se desarrolló en un tiempo inferior a 3 meses en todos los casos excepto en uno, y la mayoría presentaba edemas, hiperpigmentación y/o hipopotasemia. La media del cortisol libre urinario y de la ACTH fue de 2.840μg/24h y 204pg/ml, respectivamente. El origen ectópico se confirmó por la combinación de pruebas dinámicas no invasivas y estudios radiológicos en la mayoría de los casos. El tumor responsable pudo identificarse en 8 casos y 7 presentaban diseminación metastásica. El tratamiento primario consistió en cirugía en un caso, cirugía más terapia sistémica en 3 y quimioterapia en otros 3. En 4 pacientes fue necesaria la suprarrenalectomía bilateral para controlar el hipercortisolismo. Tras un seguimiento medio de 40 meses, 3 habían fallecido, 5 permanecían vivos y en uno se había perdido el seguimiento. Conclusiones: Se confirma que el SCE abarca un amplio espectro de tumores de diferente agresividad y naturaleza. Habitualmente el origen ectópico del síndrome de Cushing puede sospecharse y confirmarse en la mayoría de los casos sin necesidad de pruebas invasivas. Tanto el control del hipercortisolismo como del tumor requieren múltiples modalidades terapéuticas, siendo recomendable el manejo multidisciplinar

Introduction: Ectopic Cushing's syndrome (ECS) is a rare condition caused by ACTH secretion by extrapituitary tumors. Its low frequency makes it difficult to acquire experience in its management. The aim of this study was to describe patients with ECS seen at the endocrinology department of a tertiary hospital over 15 years. Methods: This was a retrospective study of the clinical, biochemical and radiographic data, treatment, and course of patients with ECS seen from 2000 to 2015. Results: Nine patients (6 of them female) with a mean age of 47 years were included in the study. The clinical syndrome developed in less than 3 months in all cases but one, and most patients also had edema, hyperpigmentation and/or hypokalemia. Mean urinary free cortisol and ACTH levels were 2,840μg/24h and 204pg/mL respectively. The ectopic origin was confirmed by a combination of dynamic non-invasive tests and radiographic studies in most cases. The tumor responsible could be identified in 8 cases, and 7 patients had metastatic dissemination. Primary treatment was surgery in one patient, surgery combined with systemic therapy in 3, and chemotherapy in the other 3 patients. Bilateral adrenalectomy was required in 4 patients to control hypercortisolism. After a mean follow-up of 40 months, 3 patients died, 5 were still alive, and one had been lost to follow-up. Conclusions: Our study confirms that ECS covers a wide spectrum of tumors of different aggressiveness and nature. The ectopic origin of Cushing's syndrome can usually, be suspected and confirmed in most cases without the need for invasive tests. Control of both hypercortisolism and the tumor requires multiple treatment modalities, and multidisciplinary management is recommended

Ectopic Cushing syndrome: Report of 9 cases. / Síndrome de Cushing ectópico: descripción de 9 casos.

INTRODUCTION: Ectopic Cushing's syndrome (ECS) is a rare condition caused by ACTH secretion by extrapituitary tumors. Its low frequency makes it difficult to acquire experience in its management. The aim of this study was to describe patients with ECS seen at the endocrinology department of a tertiary hospital over 15 years. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of the clinical, biochemical and radiographic data, treatment, and course of patients with ECS seen from 2000 to 2015. RESULTS: Nine patients (6 of them female) with a mean age of 47 years were included in the study. The clinical syndrome developed in less than 3 months in all cases but one, and most patients also had edema, hyperpigmentation and/or hypokalemia. Mean urinary free cortisol and ACTH levels were 2,840µg/24h and 204pg/mL respectively. The ectopic origin was confirmed by a combination of dynamic non-invasive tests and radiographic studies in most cases. The tumor responsible could be identified in 8 cases, and 7 patients had metastatic dissemination. Primary treatment was surgery in one patient, surgery combined with systemic therapy in 3, and chemotherapy in the other 3 patients. Bilateral adrenalectomy was required in 4 patients to control hypercortisolism. After a mean follow-up of 40 months, 3 patients died, 5 were still alive, and one had been lost to follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms that ECS covers a wide spectrum of tumors of different aggressiveness and nature. The ectopic origin of Cushing's syndrome can usually, be suspected and confirmed in most cases without the need for invasive tests. Control of both hypercortisolism and the tumor requires multiple treatment modalities, and multidisciplinary management is recommended.

Hipercupremia secundaria a anticonceptivos orales: a propósito de 2 casos / Hypercupremia secondary to oral contraceptives: report of 2 cases

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