Effect of mechanical toothbrushing combined with different denture cleansers in reducing the viability of a multispecies biofilm on acrylic resins.

PURPOSE: To investigate the efficacy of immersion and brushing with different cleansing agents in reducing the viability of multispecies biofilm on acrylic resins. METHODS: Lucitone 550 (L) and Tokuyama Rebase Fast II (T) specimens (10 x 2 mm) were prepared, sterilized, and inoculated with a suspension of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Streptococcus mutans. Specimens were incubated for 48 hours at 37 degrees C for biofilm formation. Then, they were divided into groups (n = 12) and subjected to brushing or immersion for 10 seconds in distilled water (W), 0.2% peracetic acid-Sterilife (Ac), 1% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), 1:1 water/dentifrice solution (D), 1% sodiumhypochlorite (NaOCl), and sodium perborate/Corega Tabs (Pb). Viable microorganisms were evaluated by the XTT assay and colony counts (cfu/mL). Data were performed by ANOVA and Tukey test with 5% significance level. RESULTS: The multispecies biofilm on L and T were killed by brushing or immersion in Ac, CHX, and NaOCl for only 10 seconds.

Effectiveness of chemical disinfection on biofilms of relined dentures: A randomized clinical trial.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of disinfection with sodium perborate or chlorhexidine (when combined with brushing) on the removal of biofilm in relined dentures. METHODS: Swabs were collected 48 hours after the relining procedure and at the follow-up time intervals of 7, 15, 30, 90, and 180 days. The dentures' surface roughness was measured at the same times. 45 subjects were randomly divided into three groups of 15 subjects each. The control group brushed with coconut soap and a soft toothbrush. The sodium perborate group followed the same procedure and also disinfected with sodium perborate solution for 5 minutes per day. The chlorhexidine group followed the control group procedure and disinfected with 2% chlorhexidine digluconate solution for 5 minutes per day. The number of colony forming units and the surface roughness were evaluated statistically by 2-way repeated-measure ANOVA (α = 0.05). RESULTS: The control group dentures exhibited similar levels of microbial cells throughout the experiment. However, after 15 days, no microbial growth was observed on the dentures for which either disinfection agent was used. There were no statistically significant differences in superficial roughness between the groups (P = 0.298). The disinfection agents used, combined with brushing, were able to remove the relined dentures' biofilm after 15 days of disinfection. Roughness was not a predominant factor in CFU reduction.

Effects of short-term immersion and brushing with different denture cleansers on the roughness, hardness, and color of two types of acrylic resin.

PURPOSE: To investigate the cumulative effects of brushing (B) or immersion (I), using different cleansing agents, on the surface roughness, hardness and color stability of a heat-polymerized denture resin, Lucitone 550 (L), and a hard chairside reline resin, Tokuyama Rebase Fast II (T). METHODS: A total of 316 specimens (10 x 2 mm) were fabricated. The specimens (n = 9) were divided into brushing or immersion groups according to the following agents: dentifrice/distilled water (D), 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), Corega Tabs (Pb), 1% chlorhexidine gluconate (Chx), and 0.2% peracetic acid (Ac). Brushing and immersion were tested independently. Assays were performed after 1, 3, 21, 45 and 90 brushing cycles or immersion of 10 seconds each. Data were evaluated statistically by repeated measures ANOVA. Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) post-hoc test was used to determine differences between means (α = 0.05). RESULTS: For L there was no statistically significant difference in roughness, except a significant decrease in roughness by brushing with D. T showed a significant effect on the roughness after 90 immersions with Ac. Hardness values decreased for L when specimens were immersed or brushed in NaOCl and Pb. The hardness of T decreased with increases in the repetitions (immersion or brushing), regardless of the cleaning method. Values of color stability for L resin showed significant color change after brushing with and immersion in Ac and Pb. Brushing with D exhibited a higher incidence of color change. For T there were no significant differences between cleaning agents and repetitions in immersion. A color change was noted after three brushings with the Ac, Chx, and D. Brushing with dentifrice decreased roughness of L. Immersion in or brushing with NaOCl and Pb decreased the hardness of L. For T, hardness decreased with increases in immersions or brushing. Color changes after the immersion in or brushing with cleaning agents were clinically acceptable according to National Bureau of Standards parameters for both resins.

Surface roughness and Candida albicans biofilm formation on a reline resin after long-term chemical disinfection and toothbrushing.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Routine cleaning of a denture may increase the surface roughness of the material. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of denture cleansers and time on the roughness and Candida albicans biofilm formation on a reline resin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Specimens of Tokuyama Rebase Fast II (20 × 10 × 2 mm) were prepared and divided into 9 groups (n=15): Test groups were toothbrushed (30 cycles per day) in 1 of the following solutions: water, soap, or toothpaste. After toothbrushing, the specimens were immersed in solutions of water, sodium perborate, or chlorhexidine. These treatments were done once a day for 365 days. The surface roughness was evaluated at 0, 7, 15, 30, 90, 180, 270, and 365 days, and the C albicans biofilm formation was measured after 365 days. The roughness data were analyzed by 3-way repeated measures ANOVA and the Tukey test (α=.05), and the C albicans biofilm formation was analyzed by 2-way ANOVA. RESULTS: Significant differences were found in the toothbrush and time interaction and in the toothbrush, immersion, and time interaction (P<.001). No significant differences were found between the toothbrush agent and chemical disinfection (P=.085) or between chemical disinfection and time interaction (P=.604). Brushing with dentifrice (PPb and PCh) showed a gradual decrease in surface roughness. The comparison among groups showed that PCh produced the lowest values of roughness. For C albicans biofilm formation, no significant differences were found among the experimental groups. CONCLUSIONS: The roughness values ranged from 0.31 to 0.69 µm for all evaluated groups. For all groups, no significant differences were found in the quantification of C albicans.

In vitro evaluation of adherence of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Streptococcus mutans to an acrylic resin modified by experimental coatings.

This study evaluated the effect of experimental coatings, containing zwitterion or hydrophilic monomers, on the adherence of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Streptococcus mutans to an acrylic resin. Acrylic samples (smooth or rough surfaces) were left untreated (control) or coated with one of the following experimental coatings: 3-hydroxypropylmethacrylate (HP) or sulfobetaine methacrylate (S), at concentrations of 25, 30, or 35%. Half of the specimens were coated with saliva. The adhesion test was performed by incubating specimens in C. albicans, C. glabrata, and S. mutans suspensions at 37°C for 90 min. The number of adhered microorganisms was determined by metabolic activity (XTT) and by cell viability (CFU). All coated specimens exhibited lower absorbance and CFU values compared to control specimens. Saliva and roughness did not promote microorganism adherence. An XPS analysis confirmed the modification in the chemical composition of the coatings in the experimental samples. These experimental coatings significantly reduced the adherence of C. albicans, C. glabrata and S. mutans to acrylic resin.

Efetividade de vernizes fotopolimerizáveis experimentais na adesão e formação de biofilme multiespécies e sua associação com a escovação na remoção e recolonização do biofilme em uma resina acrílica para base de prótese / Effectiveness of experimental coatings in adhesion and biofilm formation of multi-species biofilm and its association with brushing on biofilm removal and their recolonization in an denture base acrylic resin

Este estudo avaliou dois vernizes experimentais (M e P) em três diferentes concentrações (25, 30 e 35%) na prevenção da adesão e formação de biofilme multiespécies (Candida albicans, Candida glabrata e Streptococcus mutans) e sua associação com a escovação na remoção do biofilme e sua recolonização. Corpos-de-prova lisos e rugosos de uma resina acrílica foram confeccionados e divididos em grupos experimentais, de acordo com o verniz e concentração, além de grupos controle (sem verniz). Metade das amostras foi exposta em saliva (30 minutos). Posteriormente, realizou-se a adesão (90 minutos) ou a formação do biofilme multiespécies (48 horas). Para a avaliação da capacidade de remoção do biofilme aderido, corpos-de-prova contaminados foram escovados (30 segundos) e para a recolonização, além da escovação, as amostras foram incubadas por período adicional de 48 horas. Os micro-organismos remanescentes foram mensurados pelos ensaios de XTT e UFC. Para os testes de adesão e formação do biofilme, os grupos experimentais apresentaram, em geral, menor absorbância comparados com o controle, porém esta diferença não foi significante para a contagem de colônias, exceto para o S. mutans na formação do biofilme. A rugosidade, em geral, não promoveu alteração em qualquer dos testes realizados. A saliva não promoveu alterações na adesão dos micro-organismos, mas alterou a quantidade de biofilme formado. Houve remoção efetiva do biofilme com a escovação e com a recolonização. Conclui-se que os vernizes fotopolimerizáveis experimentais reduziram discretamente a adesão e formação do biofilme. Além disso, a escovação foi efetiva na remoção e recolonização do biofilme multiespécies

This study evaluated the ability of two experimental coatings (M and P) at 25, 30 and 35% concentrations to modify the surface characteristics of a denture base resin and prevent the adhesion and biofilm formation of multi-species, as well as the effectiveness of brushing on biofilm removal and their recolonization. Specimens with smooth and rough surfaces were prepared and divided into experimental groups, according to the coating and concentration, and controls group (without coating). A half of specimens were exposed to saliva (30 minutes). The microorganisms adhesion (Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Streptococcus mutans) was performed for 90 minutes and the biofilm formation was performed for 48 hours. For effectiveness of toothbrushing in biofilm elimination test, contaminated specimens with biofilm were exposed to toothbrushing in a brushing machine (30 seconds) and for recolonization, after brushing, the specimens were incubated again for 48 hours. Microorganisms quantification was measured by XTT and UFC tests. The adhesion and biofilm development showed that the experimental groups were, in general, lower absorbance compared with the control, but this difference was not significant for colony counting, except for S. mutans in biofilm formation. The roughness, in general, did not cause any change in all tests performed. Saliva did not change the adhesion of microorganisms, but reduce the biofilm formation. There was effective biofilm removal with brushing and recolonization tests. It was concluded that the experimental photopolymerised coatings slightly reduced adhesion and biofilm formation. Furthermore, toothbrushing was effective in multi-species biofilm removal and their recolonization

Colour stability of relined dentures after chemical disinfection. A randomised clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: This randomised clinical study evaluated the effect of chemical disinfection with sodium perborate or chlorhexidine on the colour stability of a hard chairside reline resin during six months. METHODS: Hard chairside reline resin (Tokuyama Rebase Fast II) was used to reline complete dentures. After baseline colour measurements, the patients were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 15) and allocation was concealed with the use of the BioStat program. The dentures were cleansed according to three methods: CG (control group)--brushing with coconut soap and soft toothbrush, PG (Perborate group)--brushing according to previous methods and disinfection with warmed sodium perborate solution (Corega Tabs) for 5 min, once a day for 6 months and ChxG (Chlorhexidine Group)--brushing according to CG and disinfection with chlorhexidine digluconate 2% for 5min once a day for 6 months. The data of ΔE*, ΔL*, Δa* and Δb* were analysed by 2-way repeated-measures ANOVAs and Tukey tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS: There were significant differences amongst groups for ΔL, Δa and Δb. The time had a significant effect on ΔE and ΔL, for all groups evaluated. CONCLUSION: Changes in some colour parameters (ΔL, Δa and Δb) of the reline resin Tokuyama Rebase were observed when the dentures were disinfected by perborate and chlorhexidine digluconate 2% solutions. The colour stability of was also influenced by time, regardless of disinfection or nondisinfection. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Colour stability of the denture materials is one variable to be considered when choosing disinfection methods. The data in this study will be useful to clinicians when they are selecting disinfectant solutions for disinfection of relined denture.

Color stability of chemically activated reline resin after microwave disinfection: a 1-year clinical trial.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of microwave disinfection on the color stability of a hard chairside reline resin after a 1-year service period. METHODS: 40 adult patients aged between 30-75 years, who required denture reline treatment, participated in this study. Tokuyama Rebase II was used to reline complete maxillary dentures. The edentulous subjects were randomly divided into two groups (n=20) and dentures were cleansed according to two methods: CG (control group) - brushing with coconut soap and soft toothbrush; DG (disinfection group) - brushing according to previous methods and microwave disinfection once a week for 3 minutes at 650W. Color parameters in L*a*b* were recorded by spectrophotometer immediately after the reline, at 7 and 15 days, 1, 3, 6 and 9 months and 1 year post-placement. Data were analyzed by two-way repeated-measures ANOVA and Tukey tests (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: Color alteration values of DG were significantly lower than those of CG (P<0.05). Color changes observed after 15 days were greater than values obtained at 7 days recall (P<0.05). All color changes observed for the CG were considered noticeable (between 1.5 and 3.0 NBS). In DG, color change was slight (between 0.5 and 1.5 NBS). There were statistically significant differences between L* values obtained initially and after 3 months, between 15 days and 3 months and between 15 days and 1 year (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed between group and time for the parameters a* and b*.

Effect of microwave disinfection on the surface roughness of three denture base resins after tooth brushing.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effect of microwave disinfection on the roughness of three heat-polymerised acrylic resins after tooth brushing. BACKGROUND: Microwave disinfection has been recommended to reduce cross-contamination. However, this procedure may also influence the physical and mechanical properties of acrylic resins. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Specimens (40 × 20 × 2 mm) of resins: Lucitone 550 (L), QC 20(QC) and Acron MC (A) were prepared and divided into four groups (n = 10): Control groups 1 (C1) and 2 (C2) - stored in water for 48 h or 7 days; Test groups 1 (MW2) and 2 (MW7) - stored in water for 48 h and disinfected (650 W for 6 min) daily for 2 or 7 days, respectively. After treatments, the specimens were placed in a tooth brushing machine at a rate of 60 reciprocal strokes per minute. The specimens were brushed with 20 000 strokes, which represent approximately 2 years of denture cleansing. The surface roughness (Ra) was evaluated before and after the tooth brushing. Data were analysed by two-way anova and Tukey Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) post hoc tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS: The data revealed significant changes between test groups for A and L resins. Comparison among resins revealed that for MW7, the roughness of A was significantly lower than that of L. After the seven microwave cycles, it could be seen that the roughness values of QC were significantly lower than those of L. CONCLUSIONS: The roughness of QC after brushing was not significantly affected by microwave disinfection. For A and L, seven microwave cycles resulted in increased roughness.

Influência de métodos de limpeza de próteses sobre a rugosidade, dureza e quantificação de Candida albicans de uma resina para reembasamento / Influence of denture cleaning methods on the roughness, hardness and quantification of Candida albicans of a reline acrylic resin

As características superficiais dos materiais utilizados em próteses podem influenciar na retenção de microrganismos. Além disso, a higienização das próteses também pode interferir na superfície e consequentemente na proliferação de microrganismos. Dessa forma, o presente estudo avaliou o efeito da higienização mecânica com escova/sabão de coco e escova/dentifrício e duas soluções de limpeza química (perborato de sódio a 3,78% e clorexidina a 2%) bem como suas interações, na rugosidade superficial, dureza e quantificação de Candida albicans do reembasador rígido Tokuyama Rebase Fast II em diferentes intervalos de tempo. Foram confeccionados 150 corpos-de-prova, a partir de uma matriz metálica (40X10X2mm), os quais foram divididos aleatoriamente em 10 grupos experimentais (n=15), de acordo com a interação das soluções de escovação e imersão: controle ­ C; água-água ­ A; água-perborato ­ APb; águaclorexidina ­ ACh; sabão-água ­ SA; sabão-perborato ­ SPb; sabão-clorexidina ­SCh; dentifrício-água ­ DA; dentifrício-perborato ­ DPb e dentifrício-clorexidina ­ DCh. Os testes de escovação foram realizados em uma máquina de ensaios (30 ciclos diários) e as imersões foram realizadas por 10 minutos ao dia. As análises de rugosidade superficial (Ra) e de dureza Knopp foram realizadas inicialmente, após 7, 15, 30, 90, 180, 270 e 365 dias. A quantificação microbiológica foi realizada após todo o período de análise da rugosidade e da dureza em todos os grupos experimentais. Os dados obtidos foram analisados por análise de variância seguida pelo teste de Tukey, ao nível de significância de 5%, para rugosidade e dureza. Para a quantificação de C. albicans foi realizada análise de variância de 2 fatores. Os resultados indicaram a rugosidade superficial não foi alterada (p>0,05) para os grupos C, APb, SCh e DA em todo o período avaliado. Os tratamentos dos grupos A, SPb, DPb e SA resultaram em aumento nos valores médios de rugosidade até 30 dias, comparado com os demais períodos. Já os grupos DCh e DPb apresentaram menores valores de rugosidade que os grupos ACh, A, SA, APb ou SCh aos 15, 90, 180, 270 ou 365 dias. A dureza dos grupos A, SCh, DA, DPb e DCh não foi significativamente alterada em todo período de avaliação. Os tratamentos dos grupos SA e SPb obtiveram valores de dureza significantemente menores aos 365 dias, comparados com os demais períodos. Foram observadas diferenças significantes nos valores de dureza aos 30 dias entre APb e ACh comparado com SPb e entre SPb e DA, aos 270 dias. Para todos os tratamentos, não houve diferença nos valores médios de rugosidade e dureza iniciais e finais. A análise da quantificação de C. albicans não revelou diferença significativa entre todos os grupos experimentais

The surface characteristics of intraoral hard surfaces can influence plaque retention. Furthermore, denture cleansers can interfere on surface and increase microorganism proliferation. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of mechanical cleansing (toothbrush/coconut soap and toothbrush/dentifrice), two chemical solutions (sodium perborate 3,78% and chlorhexidine 2%) and its interactions on the surface roughness, hardness and Candida albicans quantification of the reline resin Tokuyama Rebase Fast II in different time intervals. One hundred fifty specimens were made using a stainless steel mold (40X10X2mm) and divided into 10 groups (n=15): control ­ C; water-water ­ A; water-perborate ­ APb; water-chlorhexidine ­ ACh; soap-water ­ SA; soapperborate ­ SPb; soap-chlorhexidine ­ SCh; dentifrice-water ­ DA; dentifriceperborate ­ DPb e dentifrice-chlorhexidine ­ DCh. The toothbrush test was performed in a toothbrush abrasion machine using 30 strokes per day and the immersions were made for 10 minutes per day. Surface roughness (Ra) and Knoop hardness of the specimens were evaluated initial ­ baseline, and after 7, 15, 30, 90, 180, 270 and 365 days. Candida albicans quantification was performed after all surface roughness and hardness mensuration period. The results were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey´s test for surface roughness and hardness. For C. albicans quantification, the data was analyzed y analysis of variance (ANOVA). The analyses were conducted at 95% confidence level. The results showed that the surface roughness of groups C, APb, SCh e DA were not affected for all evaluation periods. Treaments of groups A, ACh, SPb, DPb e SA promoted increase on mean roughness values until 30 days, compared to other periods. Lower roughness values were obtained to DCh and DPb compared to ACh, A, SA, APb or SCh for 15, 90, 180, 270 or 365 days. Hardness of A, SCh, DA, DPb e DCh were not significant different for all evaluation period. Treatments of SA e SPb groups were significant lower at 365 days compared to other periods. There were significant differences on hardness values, at 30 days, for APb and Ach compared to SPb and between SPB and DA, at 270 days. For all treatments, there were no statistical difference on initial and final mean values of surface roughness and hardness. Analyzes of Candida albicans quantification do not revealed significant difference, in all experimental groups

Moldagens unitárias sobreimplantes com hélice de retenção / Unitary implant impression with retention propeller

O objetivo deste artigo foi apresentar uma modificação na técnica para moldagem unitária de implantes, com a criação de uma retenção adicional em forma de hélice, realizada em resina acrílica, sobre o transfer quadrado. A transferência com hélice para implantes ou abutments tem a finalidade de aumentar a retenção no material de moldagem e funcionar como um dispositivo anti-rotacional, preservando a posição original do hexágono durante os atos de moldagem, colocação dos análogos e vazamento do gesso.