[Trisomy 21 and breast cancer: A genetic abnormality which protects against breast cancer?]. / Cancer du sein et trisomie 21 : une anomalie génétique qui protège contre le cancer du sein ?

INTRODUCTION: Trisomy 21 (T21) is the most common chromosomal abnormality and one of the main causes of intellectual disability. The tumor profile of T21 patients is characterized by the low frequency of solid tumors including breast cancer. METHODS: The objective of this work was to analyze the literature to find possible clues for the low frequency of breast cancer in T21 persons with a focus on one hand to the various risks and protective factors against breast cancer for women T21, and on the other hand to changes in the expression of different genes located on chromosome 21. RESULTS: T21 women have hormonal and societal risk factors for breast cancer: frequent nulliparity, lack of breastfeeding, physical inactivity and high body mass index. The age of menopause, earlier in T21 women, has a modest protective effect against breast cancer. The low rate of breast tumors in T21 women is probably mainly linked to the reduced life expectancy compared to the general population (risk of death before the age of onset of the majority of breast cancers) and the presence of a third chromosome 21, characterizing the disease. It might lead to the increased expression of a number of genes contributing directly or undirectly to tumor suppression, decreased tumor angiogenesis and increased cell apoptosis. Moreover, changes in the mammary stroma of persons T21 could have an inhibitory role on the development of breast tumors. CONCLUSION: The low frequency of breast cancers for T21 patients may not only be explained by hormonal and societal factors, but also by genetic mechanisms which could constitute an interesting axis of research in breast cancer.

Component-based allergen-microarray: der p 2 and Der f 2 dust mite sensitization is more common in patients with severe asthma

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Asthma among workers in healthcare settings: role of disinfection with quaternary ammonium compounds.

INTRODUCTION: An increased incidence of asthma has been reported among healthcare workers. The role of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), commonly used in cleaning/disinfection products, has not been clearly defined. The aim of this study was to analyse associations between asthma and occupational exposure to disinfectants, especially QACs. METHODS: The study was performed on a stratified random sample of the various healthcare departments of 7 healthcare settings. The study included: questionnaire, physical examination and specific IgE assays. Occupational exposure assessment was performed by means of a work questionnaire, workplace studies and a review of products ingredients. Data were analysed by logistic regression. RESULTS: Response rate was 77%; 543 workers (89% female) participated; 37.1% were registered nurses (RNs), 16.4% auxiliary nurses (ANs), 17.3% cleaners; 32.8% were atopic. 335 participants were exposed to QACs. Nursing professionals reported a significantly higher risk of reported physician-diagnosed asthma and, for RNs, of nasal symptoms at work than administrative staff working in healthcare sector. This risk was particularly marked during disinfection tasks and when exposure to QACs. Exposure to QACs increased significantly the risk of reported physician-diagnosed asthma and nasal symptoms at work (adjusted OR = 7.5 and 3.2, respectively). No significant association was found with other exposures such as latex glove use, chlorinated products/bleach or glutaraldehyde. CONCLUSION: RNs and ANs presented a higher risk of reported asthma than administrative staff. The highest risk was associated with tasks involving dilution of disinfection products by manual mixing, suggesting possible exposure to repeated peaks of concentrated products known to be strong respiratory irritants. Workplace interventions should be conducted to more clearly determine QAC exposure and improve disinfection procedures.

Prevalence and prognostic value of cutaneous manifestations in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Skin manifestations associated with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) may reveal bone marrow transformation into acute myeloid leukaemia. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of skin manifestations associated with MDS. In addition, we evaluated the risk of acute myeloid leukaemia transformation associated with skin manifestations. METHODS: We studied a cohort of 157 patients with primary MDS followed up prospectively for a median of 44 months. Skin lesions were prospectively assessed as part of medical examination every 6 months by a board certified dermatologist. Survival analyses were performed to assess the association between the presence of skin lesions and the risk of acute myeloid leukaemia. RESULTS: Fifteen patients (9.55%) experienced skin lesions previously reported as associated with MDS. These were neutrophilic dermatosis (7, 4.46%), specific lesions (5, 3.18%), cutaneous vasculitis (2, 1.27%) and Behçet disease (1, 0.63%). Survival analysis showed that the risk of transformation into acute myeloid leukaemia was slightly but not significantly increased in patients with skin lesions as compared with patients without skin lesions with a relative risk of 2.08 (95% CI 0.92-4.67). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of skin lesions, mostly neutrophilic dermatosis and specific lesions, is relatively high in patients with MDS. There is a trend for a higher risk of transformation into acute myeloid leukaemia in patients with skin lesions.

[Prostate cancer management and factors associated with radical prostatectomy in France in 2001]. / Le cancer de la prostate en France en 2001: état des pratiques et facteurs associés à la réalisation d'une prostatectomie totale.

INTRODUCTION: Prostate cancer was the most common cancer in men in France in 2005, and the second cause of male death from cancer. In this study, we analyzed clinical characteristics of patients with prostate cancer diagnosed in France in 2001 with a focus on therapeutic management of localized prostate cancers. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 2181 cases of prostate cancer diagnosed in 2001 from 11 French counties covered by a cancer registry were analyzed. A descriptive study of the clinical characteristics of patients was performed. Parameters studied included age, county, TNM stage, PSA value, Gleason score, D'Amico prognostic group, Charlson's comorbidity index and initial treatment modalities. For localized cancers, multivariate logistic regression analysis identified factors associated with radical prostatectomy. RESULTS: The proportion of localized prostate cancer (T1 or T2) was 86.6 %. The use of invasive curative treatment (radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy) was 58.4 % for localized cancers. Significant differences in therapeutic management were found between counties. Radical prostatectomy was associated with age at diagnosis, D'Amico prognostic group and the presence of comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS: Most of prostate cancers diagnosed in France in 2001 were clinically localized and were treated by invasive therapy. The consequences of these practices remain to be determined given the limited evolution of many prostate cancers and the frequency of adverse events related to invasive treatments.

[Results and participation factors to the European Randomized study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) with Prostate Specific Antigen: French departments of Tarn and Hérault]. / Etat des lieux et facteurs de participation à l'étude européenne ERSPC de dépistage randomisé du cancer de la prostate par dosage sérique de l'antigène prostatique spécifique: départements français du Tarn et de l'Hérault.

INTRODUCTION: Mass screening modalities remained controversial and made necessary large studies. The European Randomized study of Screening for Prostate cancer (ERSPC) was initiated in 1994. Eight countries including France are participating. METHODS: ERSPC is a multicentric randomised study and started with the aim to determine whether a 20% reduction in prostate cancer mortality can be achieved with PSA-based screening. Men aged 50-74 and living in the Tarn or Hérault were included. After randomization and exclusion of men who died or had a prostate cancer were invited to participate by giving their consent and had a PSA test. In case of PSA greater than or equal to 3 ng/ml, biopsy was recommended. Included men in both screening and control group were followed through cancer registries. Objective was to present first round results of French participation to ERSPC, to determine factors of participation and to compare detected cancers cases between both groups. RESULTS: Population of men included was 84,781 and were randomized in screening (n=42,590) or control (n=42,191) group. Participation rate was 36.9% in Tarn and 24.3% in Hérault. PSA was greater than or equal to 3 ng/ml in 15,4% of cases (n=1812) and 45.9% of men (n=832) who were biopsied. Age, previous PSA performed within two years prior to invitation, health insurance and department of residence were significantly associated to participation rate. Cumulated incidence with a four years follow-up was 2.48% (n=1053) in screening and 1.99% (n=840) in control group, with a relative risk (RR) of 1.242. Corresponding RR for Tarn and Hérault were 1.37 and 1.20 respectively. Clinical parameters and treatments modalities were similar between both screening and control groups (radical prostatectomy 68% and radiation therapy 20%). CONCLUSION: Participation rate at first round was modest. Profile of men who participated compared to men who did not were different. The control group was probably contaminated by PSA testing outside study protocol. Consequences at ERSPC level of this low participation rate on final analysis remain to be determined.

Comportamiento de la primera cuña en la corrección quirúrgica del metatarso adducto / Behavior of the first cuneiform in the surgical correction of metatarsus adductus

Objetivo. El metatarso adducto (MTA) es una deformación en adducción del antepié. Nuestro objetivo es apoyar la hipótesis por la cual la principal anomalía se encuentra en el lado cuneiforme de la articulación cuneo-metatarsiana, y que el crecimiento de la primera cuña es fundamental en la corrección tras la capsulotomía. Material y método. Se trata de un estudio radiológico realizado con 23 niños con MTA idiopático o secundario a pie zambo, operados entre los años 1982 y 2000, con liberación de la articulación cuneo-metatarsiana. Se realizaron radiografías de los 30 pies operados, y de 12 pies contralaterales utilizados como controles, con las siguientes mediciones: ángulo cuneo-metatarsiano (FMCA), ángulo de inclinación distal de la primera cuña (DCAA), ángulo entre esta superficie y la del primer metatarsiano (PENTE) y ángulo proximal articular del primer metatarsiano (PMAA). Se compararon las medias de estos ángulos tomadas en pre, post-operatorio inmediato y final del seguimiento, mediante los pertinentes tests estadísticos. Resultados. Respecto al MTA idiopático, el FMCA aumentó de 150,4° en el preoperatorio a 170,2° al final, el DCAA pasó de 62° a 81,1°, y el PMAA de 88,4° a 89,1°. Respecto al MTA secundario a pie zambo, el FMCA aumentó de 155,3° a 169,7°, el DCAA pasó de 61,9° a 79,7°, y el PMAA de 88,3° a 90°. En el lado sano los ángulos apenas se modificaron. Conclusiones. La oblicuidad de la articulación cuneo-metatarsiana medial está estrechamente relacionada con el metatarso adducto. La corrección post-quirúrgica se hace también a expensas de este hueso, que tiende a rellenar el espacio creado por la capsulotomía

Purpose. Metatarsus adductus is an adduction deformity of the forefoot. Our purpose is to uphold the claim that the main anomaly is to be found on the cuneiform side of the cuneo-metatarsal joint and that the growth of the medial cuneiform is fundamental for correction further to capsulotomy. Materials and methods. This is a radiological study of 23 children with idiopathic or clubfoot-related metatarsus adductus subjected between 1982 and 2000 to a release of the cuneiform metatarsal joint. X-rays were taken of the 30 operated feet and of 12 contralateral feet used as controls. The following measurements were made: cuneiform-metatarsal angle, distal inclination angle of the medial cuneiform bone, angle formed between the latter surface and the first metatarsal and the proximal articular angle of the first metatarsal. The mean pre-op, immediate post-op and post-op final values of these angles were compared using the relevant statistical tests. Results. As regards idiopathic metatarsus adductus, the cuneiform metatarsal angle went from a preop value of 150.4° to 170.2° at the end of follow-up; the distal inclination angle of the medial cuneiform went from 62° to 81.1°; and the angle formed between the latter surface and the first metatarsal and the proximal articular angle of the first metatarsal went from 88.4° to 89.1°. With respect to clubfoot-related metatarsus adductus, the cuneiform metatarsal angle went from a preop value of 155.3° to 169.7°, the distal inclination angle of the medial cuneiform went from 61.9° to 79.7°, and the angle formed between the latter surface and the first metatarsal and the proximal articular angle of the first metatarsal went from 88.3° to 90°. On the healthy side, the angle values showed virtually no changes. Conclusions. The obliqueness of the medial cuneiform-metatarsal joint is closely related to metatarsus adductus. Post-surgical correction also takes place at the expense of this bone, which tends to fill the space created by the capsulotomy (AU)