A risk-based approach to cumulative effects assessment for large marine ecosystems to support transboundary marine spatial planning: A case study of the yellow sea.

Cumulative effects assessment (CEA) should be conducted at ecologically meaningful scales such as large marine ecosystems to halt further ocean degradation caused by anthropogenic pressures and facilitate ecosystem-based management such as transboundary marine spatial planning (MSP). However, few studies exist at large marine ecosystems scale, especially in the West Pacific seas, where countries have different MSP processes yet transboundary cooperation is paramount. Thus, a step-wise CEA would be informative to help bordering countries set a common goal. Building on the risk-based CEA framework, we decomposed CEA into risk identification and spatially-explicit risk analysis and applied it to the Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem (YSLME), aiming to understand the most influential cause-effect pathways and risk distribution pattern. The results showed that (1) seven human activities including port, mariculture, fishing, industry and urban development, shipping, energy, and coastal defence, and three pressures including physical loss of seabed, input of hazardous substances, nitrogen, and phosphorus enrichment were the leading causes of environmental problems in the YSLME; (2) benthic organisms, fishes, algae, tidal flats, seabirds, and marine mammals were the most vulnerable ecosystem components on which cumulative effects acted; (3) areas with relatively high risk mainly concentrated on nearshore zones, especially Shandong, Liaoning, and northern Jiangsu, while coastal bays of South Korea also witnessed high risk; (4) certain risks could be observed in the transboundary area, of which the causes were the pervasive fishing, shipping, and sinking of pollutants in this area due to the cyclonic circulation and fine-grained sediments. In future transboundary cooperation on MSP, risk criteria and evaluation of existing management measures should be incorporated to determine whether the identified risk has exceeded the acceptable level and identify the next step of cooperation. Our study presents an example of CEA at large marine ecosystems scale and provides a reference to other large marine ecosystems in the West Pacific and elsewhere.

Primary neuroendocrine small cell carcinoma of the parotid gland: A case report and literature review / 口腔疾病防治

@#Primary neuroendocrine small cell carcinoma of the parotid gland is a rare malignant tumor, the clinical diagnosis is difficult. This article report a primary parotid neuroendocrine small cell carcinoma which was initially diagnosed of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the parotid gland and was operated, but recurred 2 years later. The artide discuss about the characteristic of this disease and review the relevant literatures.

Four-component reaction of N-sulfonylimines, (cyanomethylene)triphenylphosphorane, nitromethane, and formaldehyde for the synthesis of 3-substituted 2-methylene-4-nitrobutanenitriles.

An efficient four-component synthesis of 3-substituted 2-methylene-4-nitrobutanenitriles has been developed from N-sulfonylimines, (cyanomethylene)triphenylphosphorane, nitromethane, and formaldehyde in the absence of catalysts and additives at room temperature.

An expeditious entry to benzylic and allylic sulfones through byproduct-catalyzed reaction of alcohols with sulfinyl chlorides.

In the absence of external catalysts and additives, a broad range of benzylic and allylic alcohols react with various sulfinyl chlorides to afford structurally diversified benzylic and allylic sulfones in moderate to excellent yields, and importantly, a catalysis with byproduct HCl is involved in this new protocol for sulfone synthesis.

Controllable stereoselective synthesis of trisubstituted alkenes by a catalytic three-component reaction of terminal alkynes, benzylic alcohols, and simple arenes.

The acid-catalyzed three-component reaction of terminal alkynes, benzylic alcohols, and simple arenes provides convenient and atom-economic access to an array of both Z- and E-isomers of trisubstituted alkenes with excellent stereoselectivity by switching reaction temperature and acidic catalysts.