Fabry-Pérot cavity sensors for multipoint on-column micro gas chromatography detection.

We developed and characterized a Fabry-Pérot (FP) sensor module based micro gas chromatography (microGC) detector for multipoint on-column detection. The FP sensor was fabricated by depositing a thin layer of metal and a layer of gas-sensitive polymer consecutively on the endface of an optical fiber, which formed the FP cavity. Light partially reflected from the metal layer and the polymer-air interface generated an interference spectrum, which shifted as the polymer layer absorbed the gas analyte. The FP sensor module was then assembled by inserting the FP sensor into a hole drilled in the wall of a fused-silica capillary, which can be easily connected to the conventional gas chromatography (GC) column through a universal quick seal column connector, thus enabling on-column real-time detection. We characterized the FP sensor module based microGC detector. Sensitive detection of various gas analytes was achieved with subnanogram detection limits. The rapid separation capability of the FP sensor module assembled with both single- and tandem-column systems was demonstrated, in which gas analytes having a wide range of polarities and volatilities were well-resolved. The tandem-column system obtained increased sensitivity and selectivity by employing two FP sensor modules coated with different polymers, showing great system versatility.

Rapid tandem-column micro-gas chromatography based on optofluidic ring resonators with multi-point on-column detection.

We demonstrated a novel tandem-column micro-gas chromatography (microGC) based on optofluidic ring resonator (OFRR). The OFRR is a thin-walled fused silica capillary whose interior surface is coated with a polymeric stationary phase. The circular cross section of the OFRR forms the micro-ring resonator and supports whispering gallery modes (WGMs). Via tapered optical fibers in contact with the OFRR, the WGM can be excited externally at any positions along the OFRR capillary, thus enabling multi-point, on-column, real-time detection of vapor molecules flowing through the OFRR. In the present OFRR-based tandem-column-based microGC implementation, a 180 cm long conventional GC column coated with a nonpolar stationary phase was followed by a relatively short OFRR column coated with a polar phase. Two detection positions, one at the inlet of the OFRR and the other a few centimeters downstream, were used to monitor the separation achieved by the first and the second column, respectively. Owing to the multi-point on-column detection that provides complementary retention time information on each chemical compound, co-eluted analytes can be well separated and identified on at least one detection channel and no modulation is needed at the interface of tandem columns. Separation and detection of twelve analytes with various volatilities and polarities within four minutes were demonstrated. In addition, the chromatograms obtained from three different locations along the OFRR column demonstrated the system's capability of on-column monitoring of the separation process for the target analyte in a vapor mixture. Our results will lead to the development of a rapid, simple, and portable microGC system with significantly improved selectivity and chemical identification capabilities.

Optofluidic ring resonator sensors for rapid DNT vapor detection.

We demonstrated rapid 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) vapor detection at room temperature based on an optofluidic ring resonator (OFRR) sensor. With the unique on-column separation and detection features of OFRR vapor sensors, DNT can be identified from other interferences coexisting in the analyte sample mixture, which is especially useful in the detection of explosives from practical complicated vapor samples usually containing more volatile analytes. The DNT detection limit is approximately 200 pg, which corresponds to a solid phase microextraction (SPME) sampling time of only 1 second at room temperature from equilibrium headspace. A theoretical analysis was also performed to account for the experimental results. Our study shows that the OFRR vapor sensor is a promising platform for the development of a rapid, low-cost, and portable analytical device for explosive detection and monitoring.

Integrated microring resonator biosensors for monitoring cell growth and detection of toxic chemicals in water.

Integrated microring resonators fabricated on silicon wafers were used as signal transducers to detect alterations in physical traits of attached live mammalian cells. Cell adhesion and growth events could be monitored by the shift in resonance frequency of the microring resonator. Toxic chemical-induced changes in cell motility were rapidly detected based on variations in the fluctuation of resonance frequency. Microring resonators modified with an endothelial cell line (MS1) adhered onto its surface were used to detect the presence of two toxic chemicals, viz. sodium pentachlorophenate and Aldicarb at concentrations above the military exposure guideline levels within a duration of 1 h.

On-column micro gas chromatography detection with capillary-based optical ring resonators.

We developed a novel on-column micro gas chromatography (microGC) detector using capillary based optical ring resonators (CBORRs). The CBORR is a thin-walled fused silica capillary with an inner diameter ranging from a few tens to a few hundreds of micrometers. The interior surface of the CBORR is coated with a layer of stationary phase for gas separation. The circular cross section of the CBORR forms a ring resonator and supports whispering gallery modes (WGMs) that circulate along the ring resonator circumference hundreds of times. The evanescent field extends into the core and is sensitive to the refractive index change induced by the interaction between the gas sample and the stationary phase. The WGM can be excited and monitored at any location along the CBORR by placing a tapered optical fiber against the CBORR, thus enabling on-column real-time detection. Rapid separation of both polar and nonpolar samples was demonstrated with subsecond detection speed. Theoretical work was also established to explain the CBORR detection mechanism. While low-nanogram detection limits are observed in these preliminary tests, many methods for improvements are under investigation. The CBORR is directly compatible with traditional capillary GC columns without any dead volumes. Therefore, the CBORR-based muGC is a very promising technology platform for rapid, sensitive, and portable analytical devices.