VitaminA, E, and D deficiencies in tunisian very low birth weight neonates: prevalence and risk factors.

BACKGROUND: Preterm neonates are at high risk of vitamin deficiencies, which may expose them to increased morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors for vitamin A, E, and D deficiencies in Tunisian very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates. METHODS: A total of 607 VLBW and 300 term neonates were included in the study. Plasma vitamins A and E were assessed by high performance liquid chromatography and vitamin D was assessed by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: Prevalence of vitamin A, E, and D deficiencies were dramatically elevated in VLBW neonates and were significantly higher than term neonates (75.9% vs. 63.3%; 71.3% vs. 55.5%; and 65.2% vs. 40.4%, respectively). In VLBW neonates, the prevalence of vitamin deficiencies was significantly higher in lower classes of gestational age and birth weight. Vitamin E deficiency was associated with pre-eclampsia [odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval, 95% CI), 1.56 (1.01-2.44); p < 0.01] and gestational diabetes [4.01 (1.05-17.0); p < 0.01]. Vitamin D deficiency was associated with twin pregnancy [OR (95% CI), 2.66 (1.33-5.35); p < 0.01] and pre-eclampsia [2.89 (1.36-6.40); p < 0.01]. CONCLUSION: Vitamin A, E, and D deficiencies are very common in Tunisian VLBW neonates and are associated with pre-eclampsia. Improved nutritional and health support for pregnant women and high dose vitamins A, E, and D supplementation in VLBW neonates are strongly required in Tunisia.

Outbreak of Acinetobacter baumannii in a neonatal intensive care unit: antimicrobial susceptibility and genotyping analysis.

PURPOSE: We describe an outbreak of nosocomial respiratory infection caused by multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in Tunis and our investigation to determine the source. METHODS: Between May 2006 and February 2007, 31 infants hospitalized in the NICU of the Centre of Maternity and Neonatology of La Rabta in Tunis developed A. baumannii pneumonia. A case (infected infant) was defined as any patient hospitalized in the NICU during the outbreak period, with clinical signs of pneumonia and isolation of A. baumannii from tracheal aspirate. Ten rectal swabs and 98 environmental specimens were collected for the epidemiological investigation. Thirty-nine A. baumannii isolates were collected: 31 clinical strains from tracheal aspirates (>10(3) colony-forming units [CFU]/mL), 3 environmental strains from incubators, and 5 from rectal swab. For the genotyping method, we used pulsed-field gel electrophoresis using ApaI restriction endonuclease. RESULTS: Thirty-one neonates developed multiple drug-resistant A. baumannii-associated pneumonia with 10 deaths due to A. baumannii infection, 48.4% had very low birth weight (

Randomized pilot study comparing oral ibuprofen with intravenous ibuprofen in very low birth weight infants with patent ductus arteriosus.

BACKGROUND: We conducted a prospective, randomized, single-masked pilot study with the principal aim of comparing efficacy and tolerance between oral and intravenous ibuprofen in early closure of patent ductus arteriosus in very low birth weight infants. The possibility of ductal closure with only 1 or 2 doses of treatment was a secondary objective. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty-four very low birth weight patients with echocardiographically confirmed patent ductus arteriosus and respiratory distress were studied. The patients were randomly assigned to receive either oral (group O, n=32) or intravenous (group I, n=32) ibuprofen starting on the third day of life. After the first dose of treatment in both groups, echocardiographic evaluation was performed to determine the need for a second or third dose. The rate of ductal closure, adverse effects, complications, and the patient's clinical course were recorded. RESULTS: In each group, 24 (75%) patients were born after 28 weeks' gestation. The rate of ductal closure tended to increase in group O (84.3% vs 62.5%). Closure of the ductus was obtained after 1 or 2 doses of treatment in 19 (70.3%) of 27 patients in group O and 14 (70%) of 20 patients in group I. The adverse effects were increased in group I (31.2% vs 9.3%). There were no significant differences with respect to complications during the stay. Adverse effects were significantly fewer when closure was achieved after an incomplete course of treatment (23.1% vs 76.9%). CONCLUSIONS: In very low birth weight infants, the rate of early ductal closure with oral ibuprofen is at least as good as with the intravenous route. Ductal closure may be obtained with an incomplete course of ibuprofen. Oral ibuprofen is associated with fewer adverse effects. However, a larger sample is needed for more definitive conclusions.

Oral ibuprofen in early curative closure of patent ductus arteriosus in very premature infants.

Intravenous indomethacin and intravenous ibuprofen are widely used for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in premature infants. Intravenous indomethacin may lead to renal impairment, enterocolitis, and intraventricular hemorrhage. Intravenous ibuprofen was shown to be as effective and to cause fewer side effects. If ibuprofen is effective intravenously, it will probably be effective orally, too. This study was conducted to test oral ibuprofen in early curative closure of PDA in very premature infants hoping for a better tolerance and the same efficacy as intravenous ibuprofen. Forty very premature infants (mean gestational age: 29.4 +/- 1 to 2 weeks [range: 26 to 31.5 weeks]; mean weight: 1237.2 +/- 198 g [range: 650-1770 g]) with PDA and respiratory distress were studied prospectively. They received, while between 48 and 96 hours old, oral ibuprofen at a dose of 10 mg/kg, followed, if needed, at 24-hour intervals by one or two additional doses of 5 mg/kg each. Color Doppler echography of the heart, brain, and abdomen were performed before treatment and after each dose administration. Ductal closure, early outcome (1 week after treatment), and late outcome were recorded. Thirty-eight patients (95%) achieved pharmacological closure. Two patients did not respond to the treatment: One required surgical ligation of the ductus, and the other patient received and well tolerated ductal shunting. Twenty-four patients were treated with one dose of oral ibuprofen, 10 were treated with two doses, and 6 were treated with three doses. Early outcome showed no case of renal impairment, no significant differences in serum creatinine levels, nine cases (22.5%) of intraventricular hemorrhage, three cases (7.5%) of necrotizing enterocolitis, and two cases (5%) of gastrointestinal bleeding. Late outcome showed 15 cases (37.5%) of nosocomial sepsis, 3 cases (7.5%) of chronic lung disease, 2 cases (5%) of periventricular leukomalacia, and 17 cases of death. In this study, oral ibuprofen was effective and well tolerated for early curative closure of PDA in very premature infants. Nevertheless, larger randomized comparative studies with pharmacokinetics measures are warranted.

[Antenatal corticotherapy: ten years after the first conference of consensus]. / Corticotherapie antenatale: dix ans apres la premiere conference de consensus.

Beneficial effects of antenatal corticotherapy on neonates are now well established. However, after the first conference of consensus, three controversial issues were left unresolved = use of dexamethasone or betamethasone, ideal number of curses to be given, and appropriateness of corticotherapy in case of prmature of the membranes. A literature review suggests that betamethasone is preferred to dexamethasone, that prscription of a single course is more advisable than multiple courses, and that antenatal corticotherapy is finally not contraindication in case of premature rupture of membranes.