ABSTRACT
Extrafloral nectaries secrete a sweet sugar cocktail that lures predator insects for protection from foraging herbivores. Apart from sugars and amino acids, the nectar contains the anions chloride and nitrate. Recent studies with Populus have identified a type of nectary covered by apical bipolar epidermal cells, reminiscent of the secretory brush border epithelium in animals. Border epithelia operate transepithelial anion transport, which is required for membrane potential and/or osmotic adjustment of the secretory cells. In search of anion transporters expressed in extrafloral nectaries, we identified PttSLAH3 (Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides SLAC1 Homologue3), an anion channel of the SLAC/SLAH family. When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, PttSLAH3 displayed the features of a voltage-dependent anion channel, permeable to both nitrate and chloride. In contrast to the Arabidopsis SLAC/SLAH family members, the poplar isoform PttSLAH3 is independent of phosphorylation activation by protein kinases. To understand the basis for the autonomous activity of the poplar SLAH3, we generated and expressed chimera between kinase-independent PttSLAH3 and kinase-dependent Arabidopsis AtSLAH3. We identified the N-terminal tail and, to a lesser extent, the C-terminal tail as responsible for PttSLAH3 kinase-(in)dependent action. This feature of PttSLAH3 may provide the secretory cell with a channel probably controlling long-term nectar secretion.
Subject(s)
Anions/metabolism , Epithelium/metabolism , Ion Channels/metabolism , Plant Proteins/metabolism , Populus/metabolism , Protein Kinases/metabolism , Arabidopsis/drug effects , Arabidopsis/metabolism , Epithelium/drug effects , Flowers/drug effects , Flowers/metabolism , Ion Channel Gating/drug effects , Nitrates/pharmacology , Plant Nectar , Plant Proteins/chemistry , Populus/drug effects , Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism , Structure-Activity RelationshipSubject(s)
Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Fungi/drug effects , Fungicides, Industrial/pharmacology , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Plant Nectar/pharmacology , Populus/chemistry , Antifungal Agents/chemistry , Antifungal Agents/metabolism , Fungicides, Industrial/chemistry , Fungicides, Industrial/metabolism , Humans , Mycoses/microbiology , Plant Diseases/microbiology , Plant Leaves/metabolism , Plant Nectar/chemistry , Plant Nectar/metabolism , Populus/metabolismABSTRACT
Many plant species grow extrafloral nectaries and produce nectar to attract carnivore arthropods as defenders against herbivores. Two nectary types that evolved with Populus trichocarpa (Ptr) and Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides (Ptt) were studied from their ecology down to the genes and molecules. Both nectary types strongly differ in morphology, nectar composition and mode of secretion, and defense strategy. In Ptt, nectaries represent constitutive organs with continuous merocrine nectar flow, nectary appearance, nectar production, and flow. In contrast, Ptr nectaries were found to be holocrine and inducible. Neither mechanical wounding nor the application of jasmonic acid, but infestation by sucking insects, induced Ptr nectar secretion. Thus, nectaries of Ptr and Ptt seem to answer the same threat by the use of different mechanisms.
