ABSTRACT
The role of calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) channels is well characterized and is of particular importance in T-cell function. CRAC channels are involved in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases, making it an attractive therapeutic target for treating inflammatory diseases, like rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A systematic structure-activity relationship study with the goal of optimizing lipophilicity successfully yielded two lead compounds, 36 and 37. Both compounds showed decent potency and selectivity and a remarkable pharmacokinetic profile. Further characterization in in vivo RA models and subsequent histopathological evaluation of tissues led to the identification of 36 as a clinical candidate. Compound 36 displayed an excellent safety profile and had a sufficient safety margin to qualify it for use in human testing. Oral administration of 36 in Phase 1 clinical study in healthy volunteers established favorable safety, tolerability, and good target engagement as measured by levels of IL-2 and TNF-α.
Subject(s)
Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology , Calcium Release Activated Calcium Channels/antagonists & inhibitors , Calcium/metabolism , Drug Discovery , Administration, Oral , Animals , Area Under Curve , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy , Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacokinetics , Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic , Humans , Jurkat Cells , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Rats , Rats, Inbred Lew , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
The total synthesis of the marine alkaloid halichlorine is described, based on an approach that involves constructing the fully substituted asymmetric center at an early stage. The five-membered ring is formed by 5-exo-trig radical cyclization and the unsaturated six-membered ring by a process that formally represents a sequential combination of conjugate addition and S(N)2' displacement-a method that is general for making bicyclic compounds with nitrogen at a ring fusion position. A formal synthesis of (+)-halichlorine is also reported, based on the development of a general method for preparing optically pure piperidines. The key step of this method, which was used to make one of our intermediates, is the Claisen rearrangement of a 4-vinyloxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyridine-1-carboxylic acid benzyl ester. Such O-vinyl compounds are easily generated in situ from the corresponding alcohols, which are themselves readily assembled from serine and terminal acetylenes.
Subject(s)
Alkaloids/chemical synthesis , Piperidines/chemistry , Spiro Compounds/chemical synthesis , Alkaloids/chemistry , Cyclization , Molecular Conformation , Piperidines/chemical synthesis , Spiro Compounds/chemistry , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
The intramolecular aminomercuration of gamma-alkenylamines 1a, 1b and 4 was shown to afford the 5-endo-trig cyclized product exclusively in good yield. The utility of pyrrolidine derivatives thus obtained from D-glucose derived gamma-alkenylamines 1a and 1b was demonstrated in the synthesis of 1-deoxycastanospermine (3a) and 1-deoxy-8a-epi- castanospermine (3b).
Subject(s)
Alkaloids/chemical synthesis , Amines/chemistry , Glucose/chemistry , Indolizines/chemical synthesis , Mercury/chemistry , Alkaloids/chemistry , Cyclization , Indolizines/chemistryABSTRACT
This paper describes an efficient route for the synthesis of known and novel griseolic acid analogues 1d and 1e, respectively. The key intermediate dioxabicyclo derivative 6, with the required stereochemical orientation at C6, was obtained by rhodium acetate catalyzed reaction of d-glucose derived alpha-diazo-beta-keto ester 5 in a novel high-yielding methodology.
