Contraceptive vaginal rings releasing Nestorone and ethinylestradiol: a 1-year dose-finding trial.

In a multicenter 1-year trial of contraceptive vaginal rings (rings) involving 150 women, three dose combinations of the progestin Nestorone (NES) and ethinylestradiol (EE) were compared with respect to effectiveness, safety and acceptability. Mean in vitro drug release rates for the three doses were 150 and 15, 150 and 20 and 200 and 15 microg/day of NES and EE, respectively. Each ring remained in situ for 21 days, removed for 7 days and then reinserted for a total of 13 cycles of use. We studied ring performance with respect to pregnancy and other termination events, adverse events, the extent of ovulation inhibition, serum drug levels and bleeding control. We also assessed the rings' effects on the vagina using a standardized colposcopy procedure. Seventy-two percent of the women completed the 1-year (> or = 350 days) study. In studied cycles, luteal activity (progesterone > or = 10 nmol/L) was noted in 17%, 7% and 12% of subjects with monitored cycles at the 150/15, 150/20 and 200/15 doses, respectively (p = .34). Two pregnancies occurred, both in subjects using the 200/15 microg/day ring. Breakthrough bleeding during ring use averaged about 2 days/year and breakthrough bleeding and spotting averaged about 7 days/year. In the entire trial, only two women discontinued because of bleeding problems. Medical conditions, chiefly vaginal problems, personal reasons and device loss or repeated expulsion were the principal reasons given for study discontinuation. Vaginal and cervical colposcopy, conducted with standardized techniques and standardized interpretations, revealed no elevated event incidence attributable to ring use. Clinical performance and adverse event profiles indicate that each of these 1-year NES/EE rings, used on a 21-day-in and 7-day-out regimen, provided women effective, acceptable and safe long-acting contraception under their own control.

Nestorone: clinical applications for contraception and HRT.

The 19-nor derivatives of progesterone are referred to as "pure" progestational molecules as they bind almost exclusively to the progesterone receptor (PR) without interfering with receptors of other steroids. In this category is Nestorone, which has strong progestational activity and antiovulatory potency with no androgenic or estrogenic activity in vivo. These properties make it highly suitable for use in contraception and hormonal therapy (HT). Due to its high potency, very low doses of Nestorone may be delivered via long-term sustained-release delivery systems. Nestorone, 75 or 100 microg per day, released by vaginal ring has suppressed ovulation in women, with inhibition of follicular maturation. A vaginal ring releasing both 150 microg of Nestorone and 15 microg of ethinyl estradiol per day has effectively suppressed ovulation for 13 consecutive cycles. Nestorone has also been used effectively in a single implant for contraception in breastfeeding women and shows promise for use in transdermal systems as a contraceptive or for HT when combined with estrogen.

Estradiol-progesterone interaction during the preparation of vaginal rings.

An unexpected enhanced release, in vitro, of estradiol (E2) was observed on the preparation of vaginal rings containing E2 and progesterone (P) in a silicone elastomer. The present work deals with exploring the reason(s) behind this enhanced E2 release. The effect of the ring design (i.e., putting P and E2 in the same compartment or in adjacent or separate compartments) was studied. The effects of the curing temperature as well as the curing time were also investigated. The possible interaction(s) between P and E2 on simple heating of their mixtures was investigated using infrared (IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. Also, the dissolution behavior of P, E2, and their mixture before and after heating was studied. The ring design, with respect to the position of the steroid layer(s), affected the release of P and E2 from the vaginal rings. Curing the rings at higher temperatures (>/=140 degrees C) for >/=30 min resulted in an enhanced release of the steroids, especially E2. The IR, DSC, phase diagram, and NMR results indicate that an interaction between P and E2, leading to the formation of a molecular complex, took place. It was concluded that putting P and E2 in the same compartment and curing by heating at a high temperature and for an extended time promoted this kind of interaction. The greater hydrophobicity of the interaction product, relative to that of E2, was considered the main reason behind the enhanced in vitro release of E2 from the vaginal rings.

Ensayo clínico de anillos vaginales liberadores de progesterona como anticonceptivos en la lactancia / Clinical trial of progesterone releasing vaginal rings as contraceptives during lactation

El objetivo de este ensayo fue investigar los niveles plasmáticos de progesterona y la eficacia anticonceptiva de anillos vaginales liberando progesterona durante la lactancia. Se probaron dos tipos de anillos, que liberaban un promedio aproximado de 5 ó 10 mg. diarios, respectivamente, en 165 mujeres sanas, en plena lactancia. Se constituyó un grupo control de 162 portadores de DIU - T/Cobre. Los anillos fueron insertados el día 60- posparto, y renovados cada tres meses por otros. Al comienzo del ensayo, los niveles plasmáticos de progesterona eran, aproximadamente, 10 nmol/L y 15 nmol/L para anillos que liberaban, respectivamente, 5 y 10 mg por día, y se reducían ligeramente después de 30 días. Los niveles en períodos de uso subsecuentes, observados, se acercaban a los del primer período o etapa. Estos niveles varían dentro de la amplitud eficaz para inhibir la fertilidad de mujeres en lactancia. Se diagnosticó un embarazo en 1005 meses-mujer de uso del anillo de progesterona, y no ocurrió ninguno en 1075 meses-mujer de uso de T/Cu. Esto contrasta con la alta incidencia de embarazos comprobada en un grupo de mujeres en lactancia, sin tratamiento, en quienes se gestaron 19 embarazos, o sea, una incidencia en 677 meses-mujer. No se detectaron efectos deletéreos sobre la lactancia ni sobre el crecimiento de los niños, como tampoco sobre la salud materna o infantil. La conclusión es que el anillo vaginal de progesterona es un método adecuado para el suministro de progesterona como anticonceptivo para madres en lactancia