ABSTRACT
The photorefractive properties of triphenylamine polymer-based composites with various composition ratios were investigated via optical diffraction, response time, asymmetric energy transfer, and transient photocurrent. The composite consisted of a photoconductive polymer of poly((4-diphenylamino)benzyl acrylate), a photoconductive plasticizer of (4-diphenylamino)phenyl)methanol, a sensitizer of [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester, and a nonlinear optical dye of (4-(azepan-1-yl)-benzylidene)malononitrile. The photorefractive properties and related quantities were dependent on the composition, which was related to the glass transition temperature of the photorefractive polymers. The quantum efficiency (QE) of photocarrier generation was evaluated from the initial slope of the transient photocurrent. Transient photocurrents were measured and showed two unique peaks: one in the range of 10-4 to 10-3 s and the other in the range of 10-1 to 1 s. The transient photocurrents was well simulated (or reproduced) by the expanded two-trapping site model with two kinds of photocarrier generation and recombination processes and two different trapping sites. The obtained photorefractive quantity of trap density was significantly related to the photoconductive parameters of QE.
ABSTRACT
Ince-Gaussian beams, defined as a solution to a wave equation in elliptical coordinates, have shown great advantages in applications such as optical communication, optical trapping and optical computation. However, to ingress these applications, a compact and scalable method for generating these beams is required. Here, we present a simple method that satisfies the above requirement, and is capable of generating arbitrary Ince-Gaussian beams and their superposed states through a computer-generated hologram of size 1 mm2, fabricated on an azocarbazole polymer film. Other structural beams that can be derived from the Ince-Gaussian beam were also successfully generated by changing the elliptical parameters of the Ince-Gaussian beam. The orthogonality relations between different Ince-Gaussian modes were investigated in order to verify applicability in an optical communication regime. The complete python source code for computing the Ince-Gaussian beams and their holograms are also provided.
ABSTRACT
Photorefractive (PR) performances are affected by the components of the photoconductor, sensitizer, nonlinear optical dye, and plasticizer. A photoconductor with high hole mobility promises a faster response time, whereas it induces higher photoconductivity, which leads to easy dielectric breakdown. Adding a second electron trap is effective in controlling photoconductivity. In this study, the role of a second electron trap 1,3,5-tri[(3-pyridyl)-phen-3-yl]benzene (TmPyPB) was investigated in a PR composite consisting of a photoconductor of poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] with a high hole mobility, a nonlinear optical chromophore of piperidinodicyanostyrene, a plasticizer of (2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)diphenylamine, and a sensitizer of [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid-methyl ester. The minimum time response with the maximum optical diffraction efficiency and sensitivity was measured at a 1 wt % content of TmPyPB. These results were consistent with the number of charge carriers trapped per unit volume and per unit time N c (cm-3 s-1), which is defined as the ratio between the initial trap density T i (cm-3) and response time τ (s), at a 1 wt % content of TmPyPB. A faster response time of 149 µs, optical diffraction of 24.1% (external diffraction of 4.8%), and a sensitivity of 2746 cm2 J-1 were measured at 50 V µm-1 for the sample with 1 wt % TmPyPB. High loading of 5 wt % TmPyPB led to a large decrease in photoconductivity and effectively suppressed the dielectric breakdown under a stronger electric field, whereas a slower response time with lower diffraction efficiency was observed for optical diffraction.
ABSTRACT
An integrated device capable of generating large number of multiplexed optical vortex beams with arbitrary topological charge is considered as one of the crucial requirement for driving information photonics forward. Here we report a simple method for simultaneous generation of 100 multiplexed optical vortex beams from a polymer film of size 1 mm2 and thickness of 30 µm. This is achieved through a combination of computer-generated holography, digital hologram printing and photoisomeric polymers. When the fabricated sample is illuminated with a collimated laser beam, a pre-determined vortex array with arbitrary topological charge is emitted. The polymer film easy to synthesize and exhibits a diffraction efficiency of 30% with a retention period longer than 50 days.
ABSTRACT
Recent advances in the creation of microlens arrays as holographic optical elements allow the creation of projector-based see-through light field displays suitable for augmented reality. These systems require an accurate calibration of the projector with relation to the microlens array, as any small misalignment causes the 3D reconstruction to fail. The methods reported so far require precise placement of the calibration camera w.r.t. the lens array screen, which affects the display configuration. We propose a calibration approach which is more robust, and which allows free camera placement. Hence, it does not limit the capabilities of the system. Both a homography-based technique and structured light play a central role in realizing such a method. The method was tested on a projection-based integral imaging display system consisting of a consumer-grade projector and a digitally designed holographic optical element based micromirror array screen. The calibration method compensates for the lens distortion, intrinsics, and positioning of the projector with relation to the screen. The method uses a single camera and does not require the use of obtrusive markers as reference. We give an in-depth explanation of the different steps of the algorithm, and verify the calibration using both a simulated and a real-world setup.
ABSTRACT
Concave micro-mirror arrays fabricated as holographic optical elements are used in projector-based light field displays due to their see-through characteristics. The optical axes of each micro-mirror in the array are usually made parallel to each other, which simplifies the fabrication, integral image rendering, and calibration process. However, this demands that the beam from the projector be collimated and made parallel to the optical axis of each elemental micro-mirror. This requires additional collimation optics, which puts serious limitations on the size of the display. In this Letter, we propose a solution to the above issue by introducing a new method to fabricate holographic concave micro-mirror array sheets and explain how they work in detail. 3D light field reconstructions of the size 20 cm×10 cm and 6 cm in depth are achieved using a conventional projector without any collimation optics.
ABSTRACT
The diffraction integral onto a spherical surface is discussed in the three-dimensional (3D) Fourier domain of the 3D object used. The diffraction integral is expressed in the form of the convolution integral between the partial Fourier components of the 3D object and the kernel function defined on the sphere. This two-dimensional convolution on the sphere can be calculated rapidly based on the convolution theorem by performing spherical harmonic transform instead of Fourier transform. This paper presents a detailed derivation of this diffraction integral and analyzes the sampling pitch required for handing the data on the sphere. Our proposed method is verified using a simple simulation of Young's interference experiment. Moreover, a numerical simulation with a more complicated 3D object is demonstrated. Our proposed method speeds up the calculation of the diffraction integral by more than 6,000 times compared with the direct calculation method.
ABSTRACT
To replicate holograms, contact copying has conventionally been used. In this approach, a photosensitive material is fixed together with a master hologram and illuminated with a coherent beam. This method is simple and enables high-quality copies; however, it requires a large optical setup for large-area holograms. In this paper, we present a new method of replicating holograms that uses a relatively compact optical system even for the replication of large holograms. A small laser spot that irradiates only part of the hologram is used to reproduce the hologram by scanning the spot over the whole area of the hologram. We report on the results of experiments carried out to confirm the copy quality, along with a guide to design scanning conditions. The results show the potential effectiveness of the large-area hologram replication technology using a relatively compact apparatus.
ABSTRACT
A parallel computation method for large-size Fresnel computer-generated hologram (CGH) is reported. The method was introduced by us in an earlier report as a technique for calculating Fourier CGH from 2D object data. In this paper we extend the method to compute Fresnel CGH from 3D object data. The scale of the computation problem is also expanded to 2 gigapixels, making it closer to real application requirements. The significant feature of the reported method is its ability to avoid communication overhead and thereby fully utilize the computing power of parallel devices. The method exhibits three layers of parallelism that favor small to large scale parallel computing machines. Simulation and optical experiments were conducted to demonstrate the workability and to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed technique. A two-times improvement in computation speed has been achieved compared to the conventional method, on a 16-node cluster (one GPU per node) utilizing only one layer of parallelism. A 20-times improvement in computation speed has been estimated utilizing two layers of parallelism on a very large-scale parallel machine with 16 nodes, where each node has 16 GPUs.
ABSTRACT
This study proposes a method to reduce the calculation time and memory usage required for calculating cylindrical computer-generated holograms. The wavefront on the cylindrical observation surface is represented as a convolution integral in the 3D Fourier domain. The Fourier transformation of the kernel function involving this convolution integral is analytically performed using a Bessel function expansion. The analytical solution can drastically reduce the calculation time and the memory usage without any cost, compared with the numerical method using fast Fourier transform to Fourier transform the kernel function. In this study, we present the analytical derivation, the efficient calculation of Bessel function series, and a numerical simulation. Furthermore, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the analytical solution through comparisons of calculation time and memory usage.
ABSTRACT
A new phase shifting digital holographic technique using a purely geometric phase in Michelson interferometric geometry is proposed. The geometric phase in the system does not depend upon either optical path length or wavelength, unlike dynamic phase. The amount of geometric phase generated is controllable through a rotating wave plate. The new approach has unique features and major advantages in holographic measurement of transparent and reflecting three-dimensional (3D) objects. Experimental results on surface shape measurement and imaging of 3D objects are presented using the proposed method.
ABSTRACT
We propose ultra-high resolution optical coherence tomography to study the morphological development of internal organs in medaka fish in the post-embryonic stages at micrometer resolution. Different stages of Japanese medaka were imaged after hatching in vivo with an axial resolution of 2.8 µm in tissue. Various morphological structures and organs identified in the OCT images were then compared with the histology. Due to the medaka's close resemblance to vertebrates, including humans, these morphological features play an important role in morphogenesis and can be used to study diseases that also occur in humans.
ABSTRACT
A method has been proposed to reduce the communication overhead in computer-generated hologram (CGH) calculations on parallel and distributed computing devices. The method uses the shifting property of Fourier transform to decompose calculations, thereby avoiding data dependency and communication. This enables the full potential of parallel and distributed computing devices. The proposed method is verified by simulation and optical experiments and can achieve a 20 times speed improvement compared to conventional methods, while using large data sizes.
ABSTRACT
The relation between a three-dimensional (3D) object and its diffracted wavefront in the 3D Fourier space is discussed at first and then a rigorous diffraction formula onto cylindrical surfaces is derived. The azimuthal direction and the spatial frequency direction corresponding to height can be expressed with a one-dimensional (1D) convolution integral and a 1D inverse Fourier transform in the 3D Fourier space, respectively, and fast Fourier transforms are available for fast calculation. A numerical simulation of a diffracted wavefront on cylindrical surfaces is presented. An alternative optical experiment equivalent of the optical reconstruction from cylindrical holograms is also demonstrated.
Subject(s)
Computer Simulation , Fourier Analysis , Holography/methods , Algorithms , Time FactorsABSTRACT
A fast calculation method for computer generation of spherical holograms in proposed. This method is based on wave propagation defined in spectral domain and in spherical coordinates. The spherical wave spectrum and transfer function were derived from boundary value solutions to the scalar wave equation. It is a spectral propagation formula analogous to angular spectrum formula in cartesian coordinates. A numerical method to evaluate the derived formula is suggested, which uses only N(logN)2 operations for calculations on N sampling points. Simulation results are presented to verify the correctness of the proposed method. A spherical hologram for a spherical object was generated and reconstructed successfully using the proposed method.
ABSTRACT
Simulated reconstruction of a three-dimensional (3D) object in 360° from cylindrical hologram is proposed. The simulation is done using a fast calculation method, where wave propagation in spectral domain and in cylindrical coordinates is used to generate the cylindrical hologram of a 3D object. The same procedure is followed to reconstruct the object back. The reconstructions resembled the original object and could be seen from all 360°. The whole simulation process is done using open-source software.
ABSTRACT
A fast calculation method for computer generation of cylindrical holograms is proposed. The calculation method is based on wave propagation in spectral domain and in cylindrical co-ordinates, which is otherwise similar to the angular spectrum of plane waves in cartesian co-ordinates. The calculation requires only two FFT operations and hence is much faster. The theoretical background of the calculation method, sampling conditions and simulation results are presented. The generated cylindrical hologram has been tested for reconstruction in different view angles and also in plane surfaces.
