Antidepressant and antipsychotic prescribing in patients with type 2 diabetes in Scotland: A time-trend analysis from 2004 to 2021.

AIMS: Prescribing of antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs in general populations has increased in the United Kingdom, but prescribing trends in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have not previously been investigated. The aim of this study was to describe time trends in annual prevalence of antidepressant and antipsychotic drug prescribing in adult patients with T2D. METHODS: We conducted repeated annual cross-sectional analysesof a population-based diabetes registry with 99% coverage, derived from primary and secondary care data in Scotland, from 2004 to 2021. For each cross-sectional calendar year time period, we calculated the prevalence of antidepressant and antipsychotic drug prescribing, overall and by sociodemographic characteristics and drug subtype. RESULTS: The number of patients with a T2D diagnosis in Scotland increased from 161 915 in 2004 to 309 288 in 2021. Prevalence of antidepressant and antipsychotic prescribing in patients with T2D increased markedly between 2004 and 2021 (from 20.0 per 100 person-years to 33.3 per 100 person-years and from 2.8 per 100 person-years to 4.7 per 100 person-years, respectively). We observed this pattern for all drug subtypes except for first-generation antipsychotics, prescribing of which remained largely stable. The degree of increase, as well as the overall prevalence of prescribing, differed by age, sex, socioeconomic status and subtype of drug class. CONCLUSIONS: There has been a marked increase in the prevalence of antidepressant and antipsychotic prescribing in patients with T2D in Scotland. Further research should identify the reasons for this increase, including indication for use and the extent to which this reflects increases in incident prescribing rather than increased duration.

The Social and Emotional Education and Development intervention to address wellbeing in primary school age children: the SEED cluster RCT.

Background: Stronger social and emotional well-being during primary school is positively associated with the health and educational outcomes of young people. However, there is little evidence on which programmes are the most effective for improving social and emotional well-being. Objective: The objective was to rigorously evaluate the Social and Emotional Education and Development (SEED) intervention process for improving pupils' social and emotional well-being. Design: This was a stratified cluster randomised controlled trial with embedded process and economic evaluations. Thirty-eight primary schools were randomly assigned to the SEED intervention or to the control group. Hierarchical regression analysis allowing for clustering at school learning community level was conducted in R (statistical package). Setting: The SEED intervention is a whole-school intervention; it involved all school staff and two cohorts of pupils, one starting at 4 or 5 years of age and the second starting at 8 or 9 years of age, across all 38 schools. Participants: A total of 2639 pupils in Scotland. Intervention: The SEED intervention used an iterative process that involved three components to facilitate selection and implementation of school-based actions: (1) questionnaire completion, (2) benchmarked feedback to all staff and (3) reflective discussions (all staff and an educational psychologist). Main outcome measure: The primary outcome was pupils' Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire-Total Difficulties Score when pupils were 4 years older than at baseline. Results: The primary outcome, pupils' Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire-Total Difficulties Score at follow-up 3, showed improvements for intervention arm pupils, compared with those in the control arm [relative risk -1.30 (95% confidence interval -1.87 to -0.73), standardised effect size -0.27 (95% confidence interval -0.39 to -0.15)]. There was no evidence of intervention effects according to deprivation: the results were significant for both affluent and deprived pupils. Subgroup analysis showed that all effect sizes were larger for the older cohort, particularly boys [relative risk -2.36 (95% confidence interval -3.62 to -1.11), standardised effect size -0.42 (95% confidence interval -0.64 to -0.20)]. Although there was no statistically significant difference in incremental cost and quality-adjusted life-years, the probability that the intervention is cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold of £20,000 per quality-adjusted life-year was high, at 88%. Particularly valued mechanisms of the SEED intervention were its provision of time to reflect on and discuss social and emotional well-being and its contribution to a culture of evaluating practice. Limitations: It was a challenge to retain schools over five waves of data collection. Conclusions: This trial demonstrated that the SEED intervention is an acceptable, cost-effective way to modestly improve pupil well-being and improve school climate, particularly for older boys and those with greater levels of psychological difficulties. It was beneficial during the transition from primary to secondary school, but this diminished after 6 years. The SEED intervention can be implemented alongside existing systems for addressing pupil well-being and can be complementary to other interventions. Future work: Assess whether or not the SEED intervention has a beneficial impact on academic attainment, is transferable to other countries and other organisational settings, would be strengthened by adding core training elements to the intervention process and is transferable to secondary schools. Understand the gender differences illustrated by the outcomes of this trial. Conduct further statistical research on how to handle missing data in longitudinal studies of complex social interventions. Trial registration: This trial is registered as ISRCTN51707384. Funding: This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme (NIHR award ref: 10/3006/13) and is published in full in Public Health Research; Vol. 12, No. 6. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.

We studied the Social and Emotional Education and Development (SEED) primary school intervention to see if it could improve the social and emotional well-being of pupils in Scotland. The SEED intervention is a process with several elements. We collected information from school pupils, staff and parents, and assessed if the schools involved were happy, safe and caring environments. We sought to highlight any strengths or weaknesses in how each school approaches social and emotional well-being. The SEED intervention also measures the social and emotional well-being of pupils. This includes pupils' strengths and difficulties, confidence, understanding of emotions and quality of relationships. We gave the information back to each school to help them decide what they can do to improve the social and emotional well-being of their pupils. We gave schools a guide to available resources, reviewed according to how well they are known to work elsewhere. The same social and emotional well-being measurements were repeated every 1 or 2 years, to see if any improvements had been made, and to guide any further adaptions of activities. The study ran in 38 schools over 7 years; half of the schools were randomly selected to receive the SEED intervention and half carried on as normal. Two age groups of pupils were recruited; the younger group was aged 4 or 5 years and the older group was aged 8 or 9 years at the start of the study. We found that the SEED intervention did slightly improve social and emotional well-being. Improvements were greater for older pupils, in particular for boys, and lasted beyond their transition from primary to secondary school. We also found that it was cost-effective for schools to run the SEED intervention. Schools valued the structure and shared ownership associated with the process. We concluded that the SEED intervention is an acceptable way to modestly improve pupil well-being and school ethos.

Ethnic disparities in quality of diabetes care in Scotland: A national cohort study.

AIMS: The aim of this study is to compare quality of diabetes care in people with type 2 diabetes by ethnicity, in Scotland. METHODS: Using a linked national diabetes registry, we included 162,122 people newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes between 2009 and 2018. We compared receipt of nine guideline indicated processes of care in the first-year post-diabetes diagnosis using logistic regression, comparing eight ethnicity groups to the White group. We compared annual receipt of HbA1c and eye screening during the entire follow-up using generalised linear mixed effects. All analyses adjusted for confounders. RESULTS: Receipt of diabetes care was lower in other ethnic groups compared to White people in the first-year post-diagnosis. Differences were most pronounced for people in the: African, Caribbean or Black; Indian; and other ethnicity groups for almost all processes of care. For example, compared to White people, odds of HbA1c monitoring were: 44% lower in African, Caribbean or Black people (OR 0.56 [95% CI 0.48, 0.66]); 47% lower in Indian people (OR 0.53 [95% CI 0.47, 0.61]); and 50% lower in people in the other ethnicity group (OR 0.50 [95% CI 0.46, 0.58]). Odds of receipt of eye screening were 30%-40% lower in most ethnic groups compared to the White group. During median 5 year follow-up, differences in HbA1c monitoring and eye screening largely persisted, but attenuated slightly for the former. CONCLUSIONS: There are marked ethnic disparities in routine diabetes care in Scotland in the short- and medium-term following diabetes diagnosis. Further investigation is needed to establish and effectively address the underlying reasons.

Continuous renal replacement therapy and therapeutic plasma exchange in pediatric liver failure.

Patients with acute liver failure (ALF) and acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) have significant morbidity and mortality. They require extracorporeal blood purification modalities like continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) and therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) as a bridge to recovery or liver transplantation. Limited data are available on the outcomes of patients treated with these therapies. This is a retrospective single-center study of 23 patients from 2015 to 2022 with ALF/ACLF who underwent CRRT and TPE. We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of these patients. Median (IQR) age was 0.93 years (0.57, 9.88), range 16 days to 20 years. Ten (43%) had ALF and 13 (57%) ACLF. Most (n = 19, 82%) started CRRT for hyperammonemia and/or hepatic encephalopathy and all received TPE for refractory coagulopathy. CRRT was started at a median of 2 days from ICU admission, and TPE started on the same day in most. The liver transplant was done in 17 (74%), and 2 recovered native liver function. Four patients, all with ACLF, died prior to ICU discharge without a liver transplant. The median peak ammonia pre-CRRT was 131 µmol/L for the whole cohort. The mean (SD) drop in ammonia after 48 h of CRRT was 95.45 (43.72) µmol/L in those who survived and 69.50 (21.70) µmol/L in those who did not (p 0.26). Those who survived had 0 median co-morbidities compared to 2.5 in non-survivors (aOR (95% CI) for mortality risk of 2.5 (1.1-5.7), p 0.028). Conclusion: In this cohort of 23 pediatric patients with ALF or ACLF who received CRRT and TPE, 83% survived with a liver transplant or recovered with their native liver. Survival was worse in those who had ACLF and those with co-morbid conditions. What is Known: •  Pediatric acute liver failure is associated with high mortality. •  Patients may require extracorporeal liver assist therapies (like CRRT, TPE, MARS, SPAD) to bridge them over to a transplant or recovery of native liver function. What is New: • Standard volume plasma exhange has not been evaluated against high volume plasma exchange for ALF. • The role, dose, and duration of therapeutic plasma exchange in patients with acute on chronic liver failure is not well described.

Just a story? Leadership, lived experience and integrated care.

BACKGROUND: Integrated care is based around values of involvement and shared decision-making, but these are not often reflected within planning and implementation. Barriers include continued emphasis on professional and managerial perspectives, skills gaps on how best to engage people and communities and insufficient investment in involvement infrastructure. Despite such challenges, people with lived experience have still led changes in policy and services. DESIGN: Qualitative study involving 25 participants with lived experience from 12 countries. Participants shared their background stories and engaged in semistructured interviews relating to leadership identity, experience of influencing and personal learning. Transcripts were analysed through a framework approach informed by narrative principles. RESULTS: Participants were motivated by their own experiences and a wish to improve care for future individuals and communities. Sharing their story was often the entry point for such influencing. Participants gained skills and confidence in story telling despite a lack of support and development. Many felt comfortable being described as a leader while others rejected this identity and preferred a different title. No common alternative term to leader was identified. Influencing services required considerable personal cost but also led to new networks, skills development and satisfaction when change was achieved. DISCUSSION: Leadership within integrated care is often awarded to those with structural power related to management or clinical seniority. People with lived experience are though uniquely placed to identify what needs to change and can develop inspiring visions based around their personal stories. Claiming identity as leader can be challenging due to traditional notions of who is eligible to lead and unwillingness by professionals and managers to grant such identity. CONCLUSIONS: People with lived experience should be recognised as leaders of integrated care and have access to developmental opportunities and practical support to strengthen their skills, including that of storytelling. PATIENT AND PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: The research was instigated on the request of a community advisory board of people with lived experience who shaped its design, contributed to the analysis and informed the conclusions and implications.

Trends in Incidence of Hospitalization for Hypoglycemia and Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Individuals With Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes With and Without Severe Mental Illness in Denmark From 1996 to 2020: A Nationwide Study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine trends in incidence of acute diabetes complications in individuals with type 1 or type 2 diabetes with and without severe mental illness (SMI) in Denmark by age and calendar year. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a cohort study using nationwide registers from 1996 to 2020 to identify individuals with diabetes, ascertain SMI status (namely, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depression) and identify the outcomes: hospitalization for hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). We used Poisson regression to estimate incidence rates (IRs) and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of recurrent hypoglycemia and DKA events by SMI, age, and calendar year, accounting for sex, diabetes duration, education, and country of origin. RESULTS: Among 433,609 individuals with diabetes, 8% had SMI. Risk of (first and subsequent) hypoglycemia events was higher for individuals with SMI than for those without SMI (for first hypoglycemia event, IRR: type 1 diabetes, 1.77 [95% CI 1.56-2.00]; type 2 diabetes, 1.64 [95% CI 1.55-1.74]). Individuals with schizophrenia were particularly at risk for recurrent hypoglycemia events. The risk of first DKA event was higher in individuals with SMI (for first DKA event, IRR: type 1 diabetes, 1.78 [95% CI 1.50-2.11]; type 2 diabetes, 1.85 [95% CI 1.64-2.09]). Except for DKA in the type 2 diabetes group, IR differences between individuals with and without SMI were highest in younger individuals (<50 years old) but stable across the calendar year. CONCLUSIONS: SMI is an important risk factor for acute diabetes complication and effective prevention is needed in this population, especially among the younger population and those with schizophrenia.

The national profile of the prosthetic and orthotic workforce in the UK: Sociodemographics and employment characteristics.

BACKGROUND: Prosthetists and orthotists (POs) are essential members of the health care workforce and one of the United Kingdom's (UK's) allied health professions. There is a paucity of information on their demographics, which is essential for the development of the profession. To fill this void, this study has attempted to comprehensively explore the sociodemographics and work-related characteristics of the entire workforce. METHODS: Data were collected in 2022 through multiple sources, including surveys of POs, private companies employing POs, and freedom of information requests to National Health Service Trusts/Health Boards and higher education institutes offering programs leading to registration as a prosthetist/orthotist. RESULTS: The workforce survey had 641 respondents (74% response rate). The estimated national ratio of POs per million population was 13, with all bar of the 12 regions below the World Health Organization minimum recommendation of 15 POs per million population. Most of the survey respondents were female (47.6%) and younger than male respondents, were British (75.8%), and in the White ethnic group (74.3%). Most of them were employed by private companies (59.9% vs. 31.4% employed by the National Health Service) and had clinical duties (94%), permanent contracts (90%), worked full-time (75%), and treated a wide range of clinical conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The national UK prosthetist and orthotist ratio falls below the recommended international standards. The versatility and broad skill set of POs highlight their crucial role in multidisciplinary teams. Establishing a centralized prosthetist and orthotist workforce database system is recommended for data-driven strategic planning.

Severe mental illness and cardioprotective medication prescribing: qualitative study in general practice.

BACKGROUND: Patients with severe mental illness (SMI) die 10-20 years earlier than the general population. They have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) yet may experience lower cardioprotective medication prescribing. AIM: To understand the challenges experienced by GPs in prescribing cardioprotective medication to patients with SMI. DESIGN AND SETTING: A qualitative study with 15 GPs from 11 practices in two Scottish Health Boards, including practices servicing highly-deprived areas (Deep End). METHOD: Semi-structured 1:1 interviews with fully-qualified GPs with clinical experience of patients with SMI. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically. RESULTS: Participants aimed to routinely prescribe cardioprotective medication to relevant patients with SMI but were hampered by various challenges. These included: lack of funding for chronic disease management, insufficient consultation time, workforce shortages, IT infrastructure and navigating boundaries with mental health services. Patient-related challenges included: patients' complex health and social needs, their understandable prioritisation of mental health needs/existing physical conditions and presentation during crises. Participants emphasised continuity of care as fundamental in engaging this patient group in effective cardiovascular health management. A cross-cutting theme was the currentGP workforce crisis leading to 'firefighting' and diminishing capacity for primary prevention. This was particularly acute in Deep End practices, which have a high proportion of patients with complex needs and greater resource challenges. CONCLUSION: Although participants aspire to prescribe cardioprotective medication to patients with SMI, professional, system and patient-level barriers often make this challenging, particularly in deprived areas due to patient complexity and the inverse care law.

Cardiovascular risk management among individuals with type 2 diabetes and severe mental illness: a cohort study.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The aim of this study was to compare cardiovascular risk management among people with type 2 diabetes according to severe mental illness (SMI) status. METHODS: We used linked electronic data to perform a retrospective cohort study of adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in Scotland between 2004 and 2020, ascertaining their history of SMI from hospital admission records. We compared total cholesterol, systolic BP and HbA1c target level achievement 1 year after diabetes diagnosis, and receipt of a statin prescription at diagnosis and 1 year thereafter, by SMI status using logistic regression, adjusting for sociodemographic factors and clinical history. RESULTS: We included 291,644 individuals with type 2 diabetes, of whom 1.0% had schizophrenia, 0.5% had bipolar disorder and 3.3% had major depression. People with SMI were less likely to achieve cholesterol targets, although this difference did not reach statistical significance for all disorders. However, people with SMI were more likely to achieve systolic BP targets compared to those without SMI, with effect estimates being largest for schizophrenia (men: adjusted OR 1.72; 95% CI 1.49, 1.98; women: OR 1.64; 95% CI 1.38, 1.96). HbA1c target achievement differed by SMI disorder and sex. Among people without previous CVD, statin prescribing was similar or better in those with vs those without SMI at diabetes diagnosis and 1 year later. In people with prior CVD, SMI was associated with lower odds of statin prescribing at diabetes diagnosis (schizophrenia: OR 0.54; 95% CI 0.43, 0.68, bipolar disorder: OR 0.75; 95% CI 0.56, 1.01, major depression: OR 0.92; 95% CI 0.83, 1.01), with this difference generally persisting 1 year later. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: We found disparities in cholesterol target achievement and statin prescribing by SMI status. This reinforces the importance of clinical review of statin prescribing for secondary prevention of CVD, particularly among people with SMI.

The UK prosthetic and orthotic workforce: current status and implications for the future.

BACKGROUND: Prosthetists and orthotists (POs) are the smallest of the 14 allied health profession (AHP) workforces within NHS England. Obtaining data on the workforce has always been challenging due to this information being held across different organisations. An understanding of the prosthetic and orthotic (P&O) workforce is essential to ensure that it is adequately equipped to meet the evolving needs of users of P&O services. The study aims to estimate the size and composition, for the first time, of the UK P&O workforce and P&O service provision. METHODS: To gather the required information, two surveys (one for the UK P&O workforce and one for UK P&O private company) and two freedom of information (FOI) requests [one for all NHS Trusts and Health Boards (HB) in the UK and one for the higher education institutes in the UK offering programmes leading to registration as a PO were developed and distributed from September to December 2022. RESULTS: The P&O workforce survey received a 74% response rate (863 POs) and 25 private companies reported employing one or more P&O staffing groups. From the FOI requests, 181 of a potential 194 Trusts/Health Boards and all four higher education institutions responded. The study indicated a total of 1766 people in the UK P&O workforce, with orthotists and orthotic technicians representing the largest percentage of the workforce at 32% and 30%, respectively. A greater percentage of prosthetists (65%) and orthotists (57%) were employed by private companies compared to the NHS. Only 34% of POs stated that they "definitely" planned to remain in the workforce for the next 5 years. The current UK PO employment levels are 142 to 477 short of the World Health Organisation's (WHO) recommendation. CONCLUSIONS: The low job satisfaction amongst many POs and the projected increase in the number of people who will require prosthetic and/or orthotic care in the UK are challenges for future UK P&O services. Strategies are required to create a sustainable and resilient workforce that can meet the needs of a changing healthcare landscape.

Severe depression and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in Scotland: 20 year national cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Understanding cause of death in people with depression could inform approaches to reducing premature mortality. AIM: To describe all-cause and cause-specific mortality for people with severe depression in Scotland, by sex, relative to the general population. METHOD: We performed a retrospective cohort study, using psychiatric hospital admission data linked to death data, to identify adults (≥18 years old) with severe depression and ascertain cause-specific deaths, during 2000-2019. We estimated relative all-cause and cause-specific mortality for people with severe depression using standardised mortality ratios (SMRs), stratified by sex using the whole Scottish population as the standard. RESULTS: Of 28 808 people with severe depression, 7903 (27.4%) died during a median follow-up of 8.7 years. All-cause relative mortality was over three times higher than expected (SMR, both sexes combined: 3.26, 95% CI 3.19-3.34). Circulatory disease was the leading cause of death, and, among natural causes of death, excess relative mortality was highest for circulatory diseases (SMR 2.51, 2.40-2.66), respiratory diseases (SMR 3.79, 3.56-4.01) and 'other' causes (SMR 4.10, 3.89-4.30). Among circulatory disease subtypes, excess death was highest for cerebrovascular disease. Both males and females with severe depression had higher all-cause and cause-specific mortality than the general population. Suicide had the highest SMR among both males (SMR 12.44, 95% CI 11.33-13.54) and females (22.86, 95% CI 20.35-25.36). CONCLUSION: People with severe depression have markedly higher all-cause mortality than the general population in Scotland, with relative mortality varying by cause of death. Effective interventions are needed to reduce premature mortality for people with severe depression.

Microbe-associated molecular pattern recognition receptors have little effect on endophytic Arabidopsis thaliana microbiome assembly in the field.

Plant microbiome structure affects plant health and productivity. A limited subset of environmental microbes successfully establishes within plant tissues, but the forces underlying this selectivity remain poorly characterized. Transmembrane pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), used by plants to detect microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), are strong candidates for achieving this selectivity because PRRs can potentially interact with many members of the microbiome. Indeed, MAMPs found in many microbial taxa, including beneficials and commensals, can instigate a robust immune response that affects microbial growth. Surprisingly, we found that MAMP-detecting PRRs have little effect on endophytic bacterial and fungal microbiome structure in the field. We compared the microbiomes of four PRR knockout lines of Arabidopsis thaliana to wild-type plants in multiple tissue types over several developmental stages and detected only subtle shifts in fungal, but not bacterial, ß-diversity in one of the four PRR mutants. In one developmental stage, lore mutants had slightly altered fungal ß-diversity, indicating that LORE may be involved in plant-fungal interactions in addition to its known role in detecting certain bacterial lipids. No other effects of PRRs on α-diversity, microbiome variability, within-individual homogeneity, or microbial load were found. The general lack of effect suggests that individual MAMP-detecting PRRs are not critical in shaping the endophytic plant microbiome. Rather, we suggest that MAMP-detecting PRRs must either act in concert and/or are individually maintained through pleiotropic effects or interactions with coevolved mutualists or pathogens. Although unexpected, these results offer insights into the role of MAMP-detecting PRRs in plant-microbe interactions and help direct future efforts to uncover host genetic elements that control plant microbiome assembly.

Builder, Expert, Disruptor, Leader: The Many Roles of People with Lived Experience.

People with lived experience of health and social care, including family carers, should be at the heart of integrated care policy and practice. One of the challenges to achieving such co-production is insufficient clarity and limited understanding of the different roles that people with lived experience are asked or choose to undertake. Following research and workshops, four roles have been identified - community builder, improvement expert, disruptor/advocate, and citizen leader. Recognising the distinct contribution and demands of these roles will enable appropriate support and development for people with lived experience and the professionals and managers with whom they collaborate.

Individual and joint associations of anxiety disorder and depression with cardiovascular disease: A UK Biobank prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Growing evidence suggests that individuals with anxiety disorder have an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) but few studies have assessed this association independently of or jointly with depression. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study using UK Biobank. Diagnoses of anxiety disorder, depression, and CVDs were ascertained through linked hospital admission and mortality data. Individual and joint associations between anxiety disorder and depression and CVD overall, as well as each of myocardial infarction, stroke/transient ischemic attack, and heart failure, were analyzed using Cox proportional hazard models and interaction tests. RESULTS: Among the 431,973 participants, the risk of CVD was higher among those who had been diagnosed with anxiety disorder only (hazard ratio [HR] 1.72; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.32-2.24), depression only (HR 2.07; 95% CI 1.79-2.40), and both conditions (HR 2.89; 95% CI 2.03-4.11) compared to those without these conditions, respectively. There was very little evidence of multiplicative or additive interaction. Results were similar for myocardial infarction, stroke/transient ischemic attack, and heart failure. CONCLUSIONS: Having anxiety is associated with the same magnitude of increased risk of CVD among people who do not have depression and those who do. Anxiety disorder should be considered for inclusion in CVD risk prediction and stratification, in addition to depression.

Association between sex and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The current literature on sex differences in 30-day survival following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is conflicting, with 3 recent systematic reviews reporting opposing results. To address these contradictions, this systematic literature review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize the literature on sex differences in survival after OHCA by including only population-based studies and through separate meta-analyses of crude and adjusted effect estimates. MEDLINE and Embase databases were systematically searched from inception to March 23, 2022 to identify observational studies reporting sex-specific 30-day survival or survival until hospital discharge after OHCA. Two meta-analyses were conducted. The first included unadjusted effect estimates of the association between sex and survival (comparing males vs females), whereas the second included effect estimates adjusted for possible mediating and/or confounding variables. The PROSPERO registration number was CRD42021237887, and the search identified 6712 articles. After the screening, 164 potentially relevant articles were identified, of which 26 were included. The pooled estimate for crude effect estimates (odds ratio [OR], 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22-1.66) indicated that males have a higher chance of survival after OHCA than females. However, the pooled estimate for adjusted effect estimates shows no difference in survival after OHCA between males and females (OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.84-1.03). Both meta-analyses involved high statistical heterogeneity between studies: crude pooled estimate I2 = 95.7%, adjusted pooled estimate I2 = 91.3%. There does not appear to be a difference in survival between males and females when effect estimates are adjusted for possible confounding and/or mediating variables in non-selected populations.

Severe Mental Illness and Type 2 Diabetes Outcomes and Complications: A Nationwide Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare cardiovascular and mortality outcomes in people with severe mental illness (SMI) versus no mental illness in a national cohort study of people with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We included adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes between 2004 and 2018 from the national Scottish diabetes register, ascertaining history of mental illness from linked psychiatric and general hospital admission records. We identified major cardiovascular disease (CVD) events, all-cause mortality, and CVD-specific mortality through record linkage. Using Cox regression, we estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for associations between SMI and outcomes, adjusting for baseline sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, including history of CVD, comorbidity, hypertension, high cholesterol, HbA1c, BMI, alcohol use disorder, and smoking. RESULTS: Among 259,875 people with type 2 diabetes, 1.0%, 0.5%, and 3.0% had schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression, respectively. After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, the risk of major CVD events was higher in people with schizophrenia (HR 1.22, 95% CI 1.06-1.41), bipolar disorder (HR 1.58, 95% CI 1.33-1.87), and major depression (HR 1.59, 95% CI 1.49-1.70) compared with people without a history of mental illness. SMI was also associated with an approximately twofold increased risk of CVD-specific and all-cause mortality. All associations attenuated following further adjustment for clinical characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Among people with diabetes, people with a history of SMI have poorer cardiovascular and mortality outcomes compared with those without mental illness. While the underlying mechanisms are further investigated, effective prevention and management of cardiovascular risk factors is needed in this high-risk group.

Antidepressant and antipsychotic drug prescribing and diabetes outcomes: A systematic review of observational studies.

AIMS: Psychotropic medication may be associated with adverse effects, including among people with diabetes. We conducted a systematic review of observational studies investigating the association between antidepressant or antipsychotic drug prescribing and type 2 diabetes outcomes. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycINFO to 15th August 2022 to identify eligible studies. We used the Newcastle-Ottawa scale to assess study quality and performed a narrative synthesis. RESULTS: We included 18 studies, 14 reporting on antidepressants and four on antipsychotics. There were 11 cohort studies, one self-controlled before and after study, two case-control studies, and four cross-sectional studies, of variable quality with highly heterogeneous study populations, exposure definitions, and outcomes analysed. Antidepressant prescribing may be associated with increased risk of macrovascular disease, whilst evidence on antidepressant and antipsychotic prescribing and glycaemic control was mixed. Few studies reported microvascular outcomes and risk factors other than glycaemic control. CONCLUSIONS: Studies of antidepressant and antipsychotic drug prescribing in relation to diabetes outcomes are scarce, with shortcomings and mixed findings. Until further evidence is available, people with diabetes prescribed antidepressants and antipsychotics should receive monitoring and appropriate treatment of risk factors and screening for complications as recommended in general diabetes guidelines.

Indicators of quality of diabetes care in persons with type 2 diabetes with and without severe mental illness: a Danish nationwide register-based cohort study.

Background: This study aims to examine quality of diabetes care in persons with type 2 diabetes with and without severe mental illness (SMI). Methods: In a nationwide prospective register-based study, we followed persons with type 2 diabetes in Denmark with and without SMI including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depression. Quality of care was measured as receipt of care (hemoglobin A1c, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and urine albumin creatinine ratio assessment and eye and foot screening) and achievement of treatment targets between 2015 and 2019. Quality of care was compared in persons with and without SMI using generalized linear mixed models adjusted for key confounders. Findings: We included 216,537 persons with type 2 diabetes. At entry 16,874 (8%) had SMI. SMI was associated with lower odds of receiving care, with the most pronounced difference in urine albumin creatinine ratio assessment and eye screening (OR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.53-0.58 and OR: 0.37 95% CI: 0.32-0.42, respectively). Among those with an assessment, we found that SMI was associated with higher achievement of recommended hemoglobin A1c levels and lower achievement of recommended low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels. Achievement of recommended low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels was similar in persons with versus without schizophrenia. Interpretation: Compared to persons without SMI, persons with SMI were less likely to receive process of care, with the most pronounced differences in urine albumin creatinine ratio assessment and eye screening. Funding: This study was funded by Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen through an unrestricted grant from Novo Nordisk Foundation.

Psychosocial interventions for depression delivered by non-mental health specialists to people living with HIV/AIDS in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review.

Background: Depression commonly co-exists with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where the HIV burden is greatest, mental health resources are limited. These settings may benefit from psychosocial interventions delivered to people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH) by non-mental health specialists. We aimed to systematically review randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions delivered by non-mental health specialists to prevent depression in PLWH in LMICs. Methods: We used a comprehensive electronic search strategy to identify RCTs of any stage, including pilot studies, which reported on the effectiveness of a psychosocial intervention on depression among adults living with HIV/AIDS in a LMIC setting. Screening, study selection and data extraction was completed independently by two authors. We assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane risk of bias (RoB) tool and performed a narrative synthesis. Results: We identified 3431 studies, from which we included 15 studies corresponding to 14 RCTs and a total of 3997 PLWH. Eleven studies were parallel RCTs, one was a stepped-wedged RCT, one was a full factorial RCT, one was a three-arm RCT and four were pilot studies. Studies were generally small, with eight including depression as a primary outcome. All but four trials included men and women and most studies followed participants for less than one year. Twelve trials had at least one domain in which there was a high risk of bias, with the remaining two trials having at least one domain of concern, due to lack of reporting of items. In 12 studies people in the intervention arm had statistically significantly (P < 0.05) lower or more reduced depressive symptom scores, or were less likely to have major depression, at final follow-up than people in the control group. Conclusions: Psychosocial interventions delivered by non-specialist mental health workers may be effective in preventing or reducing depression in PLWH in LMICs. However, existing studies are small with a relatively short follow-up period and have methodological limitations. Future trials should address these shortcomings, establish whether intervention effects are clinically meaningful and investigate cost-effectiveness.

Severe mental illness and quality of care for type 2 diabetes: A retrospective population-based cohort study.

AIMS: To compare quality of care for type 2 diabetes in people with severe mental illness (SMI) versus no mental illness. METHODS: We used routinely collected linked data to create a retrospective cohort study. We included 158,901 people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in Scotland during 2009-2018 of whom 1701 (1%), 768 (0.5%) and 5211 (3%) had a prior hospital admission record for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression, respectively. We compared recording of HbA1c, cholesterol, creatinine, blood pressure, urinary albumin, foot examination, retinopathy screening, body mass index and smoking during the first year after diabetes diagnosis using logistic regression and recording of HbA1c and retinopathy screening over longer follow-up using generalised linear mixed effects model, adjusting for confounding factors. RESULTS: Receipt of care during the first year was generally similar, or better, for people with each SMI than for people without any mental illness. During mean follow up of 4.8 (SD 2.5) years, depression and bipolar disorder were associated with lower odds of receiving retinopathy screening. CONCLUSIONS: Receipt of diabetes care was similar or better among people with SMI versus without SMI. However, mechanisms to support improved retinopathy screening for people with SMI are needed.