Community acceptance and social impacts of carbon capture, utilization and storage projects: A systematic meta-narrative literature review.

This manuscript presents a systematic meta-narrative review of peer-reviewed publications considering community acceptance and social impacts of site-specific Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) projects to inform the design and implementation of CCUS projects who seek to engage with communities during this process, as well as similar climate mitigation and adaptation initiatives. A meta-narrative approach to systematic review was utilized to understand literature from a range of site specific CCUS studies. 53 peer-reviewed papers were assessed reporting empirical evidence from studies on community impacts and social acceptance of CCUS projects published between 2009 and 2021. Three separate areas of contestation were identified. The first contestation was on acceptance, including how acceptance was conceptualized, how the different CCUS projects engaged with communities, and the role of acceptance in social learning. The second contestation related to communities: how communities were represented, where the communities were located in relation to the CCUS projects, and how the communities were defined. The third contestation was around CCUS impacts and the factors influencing individuals' perceptions of impacts, the role of uncertainty, and how impacts were challenged by local communities, politicians and scientists involved in the projects. The next step was to explore how these contestations were conceptualised, the aspects of commonality and difference, as well as the notable omissions. This facilitated a synthesis of the key dimensions of each contestation to inform our discussion regarding community awareness and acceptance of CCUS projects. This review concludes that each CCUS project is complex thus it is not advisable to provide best practice guidelines that will ensure particular outcomes. This systematic review shared recommendations in the literature as to how best to facilitate community engagement in relation to CCUS projects and similar place-based industrial innovation projects. These recommendations focus on the importance of providing transparency, acknowledging uncertainty and encouraging collaboration.

The combined effects of plasma and hydrogel coating on adhesion of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus to polyurethane catheters.

The adhesion of three Staphylococcus epidermidis and three S aureus clinical isolates, to uncoated and hydrogel-coated polyurethane catheters was tested, following pretreatment of catheters with human plasma. Plasma significantly decreased the adhesion of S. epidermidis strains to uncoated polyurethane catheters, but had no significant effect on the adhesion to hydrogel-coated catheters. The influence of plasma on adhesion of S. aureus strains to catheters was strain dependent. Plasma significantly increased the adhesion of one strain (SA6) to uncoated catheters. For two other strains (SA3 and SA14) plasma produced no clear effect on their adhesion to uncoated catheters; adhesion values for each strain showed either a small but significant increase or a replicate-dependent increase or decrease. However, plasma significantly increased the adhesion of all S. aureus strains to hydrogel-coated polyurethane catheters. Overall, with the exception of one batch culture of S. epidermidis strain SE3 tested, attachment to plasma-treated hydrogel coated catheters was statistically significantly lower, by up to 85%, than attachment to plasma-treated uncoated catheters for both S. epidermidis and S. aureus.

The interaction of cationic liposomes with the skin-associated bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis: effects of ionic strength and temperature.

Cationic liposomes have been prepared from dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), cholesterol (Chol) and stearylamine (SA). These phospholipid vesicles were exposed to adsorbed biofilms of the skin-associated bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis, to which they showed a strong affinity. The interaction (as assessed by the apparent monolayer coverage of the biofilms by liposomes) was described in terms of a Langmuir adsorption isotherm which enabled determination of the maximum theoretical coverage of the bacterial surface and association/dissociation constants. The interaction was shown to be dependent on the ionic strength of the surrounding medium; on increasing the ionic strength the biofilm-vesicle dissociation constant decreased. This suggested that the adsorption was mediated by electrostatic effects. The adsorption of the vesicles was examined at various temperatures, enabling determination of thermodynamic parameters for the interaction. The adsorbed state of the liposomes was energetically favoured and the interaction was enthalpy driven. The Gibbs energies of adsorption were in a range from -15 to -19 kJ mol-1 and the enthalpies of adsorption from -26 to -22 kJ mol-1. Studies using cell populations of different hydrophobicity showed that the hydrophobic character of the bacterial cells also had an effect on the adsorption of the vesicles to the biofilm.

An investigation into the use of SDS-PAGE of cell surface extracts and proteolytic activity to differentiate Prevotella nigrescens and Prevotella intermedia.

By comparison of the cell surface proteins derived from the outer membrane and fibrils from 14 Prevotella intermedia and 19 Prevotella nigrescens strains using SDS and analysed by SDS-PAGE, it was possible to distinguish the two species. A polypeptide of approx. 21 kDa distinguished P. intermedia strains, whereas two polypeptides of approx. 18 and 22 kDa could be used to identify P. nigrescens strains. Four other human oral black pigmented bacterial species (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella denticola, Prevotella loescheii and Prevotella melaninogenica) did not have the 18-, 21- or 22-kDa polypeptides shown by P. intermedia or P. nigrescens. The cell-associated proteolytic activity of eight strains of P. intermedia, 14 strains of P. nigrescens and one strain of P. gingivalis (W50) was assessed using four chromogenic substrates. The hydrolysis of the substrate GPPNA (indicative of dipeptidyl peptidase IV-like activity) and SAAPPNA (elastase-like activity) by P. intermedia strains varied from 32 to 114 units and 0.5 to 12.6 units of activity respectively, where one unit was defined as the amount of protease enzyme catalysing the formation of 1 nmol of p-nitroaniline under experimental conditions. 37.5% (3 of 8) of P. intermedia strains hydrolysed SAAPPNA (chymotrypsin-like enzyme activity) with activities of between 7 and 12 units. The hydrolysis of GPPNA and SAAAPNA by P. nigrescens strains was 32-149 and 3-16 units, respectively. 57% (8 of 14) of P. nigrescens strains hydrolysed SAAPPPNA with activities ranging from 3 to 8 units. None of the P. intermedia or P. nigrescens strains examined were found to have trypsin-like enzyme activity (BAPNA hydrolysis). The GPPNA and SAAAPNA hydrolytic activity associated with the proteases from Porphyromonas gingivalis W50 was at least twice that of P. intermedia and P. nigrescens strains. The similar peptidase activities of P. intermedia and P. nigrescens against chromogenic substrates cannot be used to differentiate the species, but SDS-PAGE of cell surface protein extracts allowed unambiguous speciation between P. intermedia and P. nigrescens. This simple technique of cell surface protein analysis can be performed in most laboratories and offers a convenient way by which to differentiate the two species.

Susceptibility of sixty-five non-oral clinical isolates of the Streptococcus milleri group to seven antimicrobial agents.

Antimicrobial susceptibilities of sixty-five non-oral Streptococcus milleri group clinical isolates to penicillin, gentamicin, lincomycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and erythromycin were determined by an agar dilution method. All strains were penicillin-sensitive (MIC < or = 0.031 microgram/ml) and the majority (64/65) were susceptible to erythromycin (MIC < or = 0.125 microgram/ml). Low-level resistance to gentamicin was observed, and the majority of strains possessed an MIC of 8 micrograms/ml. Lincomycin and ampicillin at 0.5 microgram/ml inhibited 52/65 and 61/65 strains, respectively. Of the isolates 92% were inhibited by chloramphenicol at < or = 2 micrograms/ml. Twenty-two S. milleri group strains (of which thirteen were vaginal isolates) were resistant to tetracycline (MIC > or = 8 micrograms/ml).

Genetic transformation in some cariogenic Streptococcus milleri.

Only one of six Streptococcus milleri strains, known to produce dental caries in gnotobiotic rats, was found to be spontaneously transformable. At optimal competence (after 60 min incubation in transformation medium) DNA uptake by this strain, CR 287, was rapid; maximum DNA was taken up by cells within 15 min of its addition to give a transformation frequency of 1 x 10(-2) transformants per colony-forming unit (cfu). With post-optimally competent cells, the rate of DNA uptake was markedly decreased, although a transformation frequency similar to that of optimally competent cells was obtained. For example, after 240 min incubation in transformation medium the cells required approximately 90 min to reach maximum DNA uptake and gave a transformation frequency of 6 x 10(-3) transformants per cfu. Cultures retained the ability to give their maximum transformation frequency for at least 4 h, but only if a DNA-cell contact time of 2 h was used. Strain CR 287 and S. milleri strain NCTC 10707, a transformable non-cariogenic strain, produced competence factor (CF). The CF of CR 287, but not that of NCTC 10707, induced high competence in the non-spontaneously transformable cariogenic S. milleri strain NCTC 11169. Like S. sanguis, S. milleri must therefore produce CFs of different constitutional types. The three transformable strains could be transformed by plasmid shuttle cloning vector pVA838 DNA.

The cariogenicity of sucrose, glucose and maize starch in gnotobiotic rats mono-infected with strains of the bacteria Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus milleri.

Twenty-one-day-old weanling gnotobiotic WAG/RIJ rats were mono-infected with Streptococcus mutans NCTC 10832, Streptococcus salivarius JMB or Streptococcus milleri NCTC 11169, and maintained on a high carbohydrate diet containing sucrose, glucose or maize starch for 21-days. Fissure caries developed with all combinations of streptococcal strain and carbohydrate except maize starch/Streptococcus salivarius JMB. Caries incidence was highest with Streptococcus mutans NCTC 10832. For all species, the ranking of carbohydrates by cariogenic potential was sucrose greater than glucose greater than maize starch.

Some structural and physiological properties of fimbriae of Streptococcus faecalis.

Three strains of Streptococcus faecalis examined by negative-staining showed the presence of flexible, peritrichous fimbriae on the cell surface. These structures were up to 0.5 micron long and 4.5 nm in diameter. The numbers of fimbriae per cell varied from a few to hundreds, and not all cells in a culture were fimbriate. Two strains were selected for particular study: strain JH2, which is plasmid free, and strain JH3, which carries a self-transferable plasmid, pJH3. Fimbriation varied with the growth phase and was maximum in late-exponential phase for strain JH2, and early-stationary phase for strain JH3. The maximum percentage of fimbriate cells produced was within the range 75-90% for strain JH2 and 40-53% for strain JH3. Both strains showed a decrease in the percentage of fimbriate cells in stationary phase dropping very rapidly in strain JH2 and less rapidly in strain JH3. Fimbriae were present on cells grown under a variety of environmental conditions. No surface structures unique to the plasmid-containing strains were found.

An explanation for the apparent host specificity of Pseudomonas plasmid R91 expression.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 9169 has been reported to contain a plasmid that expresses resistance to carbenicillin (Cb), kanamycin (Km), and tetracycline (Tc) in Escherichia coli but resistance only to Cb in certain Pseudomonas recipients. The triply resistant plasmid in E. coli belonged to incompatibility (Inc) group P or P-1, whereas the singly resistant plasmid in P. aeruginosa was compatible with IncP-1 plasmids and other plasmids of established Inc specificity but incompatible with plasmid pSR1 that is here used to define a new Pseudomonas Inc group P-10. Additional physical and genetic studies showed that strain 9169 contained not one but two plasmids: IncP-1 plasmid R91a, determining the Cb Km Tc phenotype, and IncP-10 plasmid R91, determining Cb that differed in molecular weight and in EcoRI and BamHI restriction endonuclease recognition sites. Plasmid multiplicity rather than host effects on plasmid gene expression can account for differences in the phenotype of strain 9169 transconjugants to E. coli and P. aeruginosa.

Plasmid-mediated mechanisms of resistance to aminoglycoside-aminocyclitol antibiotics and to chloramphenicol in group D streptococci.

Genes conferring resistance to aminoglycoside-aminocyclitol antibiotics in three group D streptococcal strains, Streptococcus faecalis JH1 and JH6 and S. faecium JH7, and to chloramphenicol in JH6 are carried by plasmids that can transfer to other S. faecalis cells. The aminoglycoside resistance is mediated by constitutively synthesized phosphotransferase enzymes that have substrate profiles very similar to those of aminoglycoside phosphotransferases found in gram-negative bacteria. Phosphorylation probably occurs at the aminoglycoside 3'-hydroxyl group. Plasmid-borne streptomycin resistance is due to production of the enzyme streptomycin adenylyltransferase, which, as in staphylococci and in contrast to that detected in gram-negative bacteria, is less effective against spectinomycin as substrate. Resistance to chloramphenicol is by enzymatic acetylation. The chloramphenicol acetyltransferase is inducible and bears a close resemblance to the type D chloramphenicol acetyltransferase variant from staphylococci.

Properties of a transposon conferring resistance to penicillins and streptomycin.

R938 carries a transposon (TAbeta) of approximate molecular weight 9.5 Megadaltons (Mdal, 10(6) daltons). This contains genes for a beta lactamase of type TEM-1 and for streptomycin phosphatransferase (SPT). There is a ten-fold difference in the efficiency of transposition in different strains of E. coli K12.

Properties of plasmids constructed by the in vitro insertion of DNA from Rhizobium leguminosarum or Proteus mirabilis into RP4.

Plasmids have been constructed by insertion of DNA from Rhizobium leguminosarum or Proteus mirabilis into RP4 (an R factor of group P). Such recombinant plasmids retain the wide host range of the parental plasmid, being as efficiently transmissible as the unmodified RP4 and are stably maintained in rapidly growing cultures. The recombinant plasmids, even though each contained a DNA sequence absolutely identical with that of the host strain, are no more efficient at mobilizing the transfer of chromosomal genetic information from that host strain than was unmodified RP4. We therefore conclude that an unknown factor must be essential in the process of chromosome mobilization and rate limiting for that process.

Recombination between plasmids of incompatibility groups P-1 and P-2.

R plasmids of incompatibility group P-2 are readily transmissible between Pseudomonas strains, but not to Escherichia coli or other enterobacteria, whereas those of group P-1 have a broad host range. Pseudomonas aeruginosa donor strains carrying both a P-1 plasmid (RP1, RP4, or R751) and a P-2 plasmid (pMG1, pMG2, pMG5, or RPL11) were mated with E. coli K-12, and selection was imposed for resistance markers on the P-2 plasmids. Transconjugants were obtained at a low frequency, in which P-2 markers were expressed and were serially transmissible in E. coli together with P-1 markers. These plasmids had P-1 incompatibility properties, conferred susceptibility to phages active on P-1 carrying strains, and behaved on sucrose gradient centrifugation as unimolecular species of higher molecular weights than the P-1 parent. Recombinant plasmid formation was independent of a functional Rec gene in both donor and recipient and, with R751, had a preferred site leading to loss of trimethoprim resistance. Interaction between insertion sequences may be involved. Thus, plasmids of group P-2 can recombine with R factors of another group quite separate in compatibility properties, host range, and pilus type. Formation of such recombinants provides one pathway by which the genetic diversity of plasmids may have evolved.

Plasmid-determined beta-lactamase indistinguishable from the chromosomal beta-lactamase of Escherichia coli.

A plasmid, derived from a naturally occurring strain of Proteus mirabilis, conferred resistance to cephalosporins, apparently mediated by a beta-lactamase indistinguishable from that determined by the chromosomal gene of Escherichia coli K-12. There was evidence for a recombination event between the wild-type plasmid and a defective F factor (Fsp) in the Escherichia coli K-12 culture in which it was stored.

Compatibility properties of P1 and PhiAMP prophages.

Although phages P1 and PhiAmp are heteroimmune (Chesney and Scott, 1975 and Yarmolinsky, unpublished), their plasmid prophages are incompatible. Thus, the immunity and compatibility systems are two distinct regulators of phage replication. The two prophages, and plasmid P15B (Ikeda, Inzuka and Tomizawa, 1970) constitute a new compatibility group, designated Y.