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1.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37454376

ABSTRACT

In this study, dairy industry wastewater was collected and used as a protein source. The proteins were converted into powder form using lyophilization. The proteins were digested using Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) NCIM 2724. The maximum degree of hydrolysis (DH) of protein was observed at pH of 7, 30 °C incubation temperature, 120 rpm shaking speed, and 96 h incubation. The tris-glycine sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide (tris-glycine-SDS) gel electrophoresis showed the disappearance of large molecular weight proteins due to the proteolytic action of B. subtilis. The resulting digest was fractionated using a 3 kDa membrane filter. The antioxidant activity of the obtained fractions was evaluated. Antioxidant activity of digest and filtrate was found to be 12.78% (±0.040) and 49% (±0.025), respectively, at a concentration of 50 mg/mL. The 3 kDa filtrate was subjected to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) analysis. Bioinformatics tools were used to predict the sequences of antioxidant peptides. Furthermore, the 3 kDa filtrate was used for the synthesis of antioxidant nanohybrid. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the nanohybrid formation and encapsulation of peptides. The antioxidant nanohybrid showed enhanced antioxidant activity compared to the free peptide solution. The dairy industry has a significant environmental impact due to high water use and waste generation. This study addresses an important issue of recycling protein-containing wastewater and the potential to be used for converting these proteins into antioxidant peptides. Such practices will help to reduce environmental impact and sustainably operate the industry.

2.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36976510

ABSTRACT

Concrete, the ubiquitous cementitious composite though immensely versatile, is crack-susceptible. Cracks let in deleterious substances causing durability issues. Superseding conventional crack-repair methods, the innovative application of microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICCP) stands prominent, being based on the natural phenomenon of carbonate precipitation. It is eco-friendly, self-activated, economical, and simplistic. Bacteria inside concrete get activated by contacting the environment upon the crack opening and filling the cracks with calcium carbonate-their metabolic waste. This work systematizes MICCP's intricacies and reviews state-of-the-art literature on practical technicalities in its materialization and testing. Explored are the latest advances in various aspects of MICCP, such as bacteria species, calcium sources, encapsulations, aggregates, and the techniques of bio-calcification and curing. Furthermore, methodologies for crack formation, crack observation, property analysis of healed test subject, and present techno-economic limitations are examined. The work serves as a succinct, implementation-ready, and latest review for MICCP's application, giving tailorable control over the enormous variations in this bio-mimetic technique.

3.
Appl Biochem Biotechnol ; 175(2): 870-81, 2015 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25349087

ABSTRACT

Aspergillus niger culture supernatant is used for bioleaching process. Before starting bioleaching process, fly ash was washed with distilled water. This removed 100 % sodium, 47 % (±0.45) boron, 38.07 % (±0.12) calcium, 29.89 % (±0.78) magnesium, and 11.8 % (±0.05) potassium. The pH was reduced from 10.5 to 8.5 after water washing. During bioleaching process, around 100 % metal removal was achieved in 4 h for all metals except chromium 93 % (±1.18), nickel 83 % (±0.32), arsenic 78 % (±0.52), and lead 70 % (±0.20). The process parameters including temperature, shaking speed, and solid/liquid ratio were optimized for bioleaching process. Experiments were conducted to evaluate effect of fly ash on growth of mung bean (Vigna radiata). At 20 g/100 ml fly ash concentration no germination of V. radiata seeds was observed. With an increasing concentration of untreated fly ash, a gradual decrease in root/shoot length was observed. After bioleaching process 78 % (±0.19) germination of V. radiata was observed with 20 g/100 ml fly ash. This study will help to develop an efficient process to remove the toxic metals from fly ash.


Subject(s)
Aspergillus niger/growth & development , Aspergillus niger/metabolism , Coal Ash/chemistry , Culture Media, Conditioned/metabolism , Metals/isolation & purification , Metals/metabolism , Power Plants , Biodegradation, Environmental , Fabaceae/drug effects , Fabaceae/growth & development , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Metals/toxicity , Water/chemistry
4.
Chemosphere ; 117: 652-7, 2014 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25461931

ABSTRACT

The generation of 300­500 kg of slag per ton of the steel produced is a formidable amount of solid waste available for treatment. They usually contain considerable quantities of valuable metals. In this sense, they may become either important secondary resource if processed in eco-friendly manner for secured supply of contained metals or potential pollutants, if not treated properly. It is possible to recover metals from steel slag by applying bioleaching process. Electric arc furnace (EAF) slag sample was used for bioleaching of metals. In the present study, before bioleaching experiment water washing of an EAF slag was carried out. This reduced slag pH from 11.2 to 8.3. Culture supernatants of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans (At. thiooxidans), Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (At. ferrooxidans), and Aspergillus niger (A. niger) were used for metal solubilization. At. thiooxidans culture supernatant containing 0.016 M sulfuric acid was found most effective for bioleaching of metals from an EAF slag. Maximum metal extraction was found for Mg (28%), while it was least for Mo (0.1%) in six days. Repeated bioleaching cycles increased metal recovery from 28% to 75%, from 14% to 60% and from 11% to 27%, for Mg, Zn and Cu respectively.


Subject(s)
Acidithiobacillus/metabolism , Environmental Pollutants/metabolism , Environmental Restoration and Remediation/methods , Metals/metabolism , Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans/metabolism , Biodegradation, Environmental , Industrial Waste/analysis , Species Specificity , Steel/analysis
5.
Environ Technol ; 35(9-12): 1263-8, 2014.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24701923

ABSTRACT

The removal of nickel (Ni) and cadmium (Cd) from spent batteries was studied by the chemical method. A novel leaching system using ferric sulphate hydrate was introduced to dissolve heavy metals in batteries. Ni-Cd batteries are classified as hazardous waste because Ni and Cd are suspected carcinogens. More efficient technologies are required to recover metals from spent batteries to minimize capital outlay, environmental impact and to respond to increased demand. The results obtained demonstrate that optimal conditions, including pH, concentration of ferric sulphate, shaking speed and temperature for the metal removal, were 2.5, 60 g/L, 150 rpm and 30 degrees C, respectively. More than 88 (+/- 0.9) and 84 (+/- 2.8)% of nickel and cadmium were recovered, respectively. These results suggest that ferric ion oxidized Ni and Cd present in battery waste. This novel process provides a possibility for recycling waste Ni-Cd batteries in a large industrial scale.


Subject(s)
Cadmium/isolation & purification , Electronic Waste , Ferric Compounds/chemistry , Nickel/isolation & purification
6.
Int J Phytoremediation ; 13(4): 357-72, 2011 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21598798

ABSTRACT

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) purified using DEAE-cellulose and Biogel P-100 column chromatography from banana pulp showed 12.72-fold activity and 2.49% yield. The optimum temperature and pH were found to be 30 degrees C and 7.0, respectively for its activity. Catechol was found to be a suitable substrate for banana pulp PPO that showed V(max), 0.041 mM min(-1) and K(m), 1.6 mM. The enzyme activity was inhibited by sodium metabisulfite, citric acid, cysteine, and beta-mercaptoethanol at 10 mM concentration. The purified enzyme could decolorize (90%) Direct Red 5B (160 microg mL(-1)) dye within 48 h and Direct Blue GLL (400 microg mL(-1)) dye up to 85% within 90 h. The GC-MS analysis indicated the presence of 4-hydroxy-benzenesulfonic acid and Naphthalene-1,2,3,6-tetraol in the degradation products of Direct Red 5B, and 5-(4-Diazenyl-naphthalene-1-ylazo)-8-hydroxy-naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid and 2-(4-Diazenyl-naphthalene-1-ylazo)-benzenesulfonic acid in the degradation products of Direct Blue GLL.


Subject(s)
Catechol Oxidase/metabolism , Coloring Agents/metabolism , Musa/enzymology , Catechol Oxidase/chemistry , Catechol Oxidase/isolation & purification , Catechols/metabolism , Chromatography, DEAE-Cellulose , Chromatography, Gel , Coloring Agents/chemistry , Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Kinetics , Molecular Weight , Musa/metabolism , Spectrophotometry , Substrate Specificity , Temperature , Textiles , Time Factors
7.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf ; 73(7): 1696-703, 2010 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20655588

ABSTRACT

This work presents role of different enzymes in decolorization of industrial dye Orange T4LL by Bacillus sp. VUS. Bacillus sp. strain VUS decolorized dye Orange T4LL, under static anoxic condition in 24 h. During decolorization of Orange T4LL a significant induction in the activities of lignin peroxidase, tyrosinase, and reductases (NADH-DCIP, azo, and riboflavin) was observed. The biodegradation was monitored by Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and high performance liquid chromatography. The final products 4-methyl-2-o-tolylazo-benzene-1,3-diamine and [3-(phenyl-hydrazono)-cyclohexa-1,4-dienyl]-methanol were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Phytotoxicity, COD, and BOD revealed non-toxicity of degraded products. Phytotoxicity study demonstrated non-toxicity of the biodegraded products for crop plants with respect to Triticum aestivum and Sorghum bicolor. Bacillus sp. VUS with its enzyme system could be a useful tool for textile effluent treatment.


Subject(s)
Bacillus/enzymology , Color , Coloring Agents/metabolism , Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods , Water Purification/methods , Analysis of Variance , Biodegradation, Environmental , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Monophenol Monooxygenase/metabolism , NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases/metabolism , Nitroreductases , Peroxidases/metabolism , Quinone Reductases/metabolism , Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
8.
J Sci Food Agric ; 90(4): 608-14, 2010 Mar 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20355088

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Aflatoxin contamination of various commodities can occur as a result of infection, mainly by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Every year, almost 25% of the world's food supply is contaminated by mycotoxins. Aflatoxins B(1), B(2), G(1) and G(2), which occur naturally, are significant contaminants of a wide variety of commodities. A number of biological activities have been associated with Ageratum conyzoides. We have therefore investigated the antiaflatoxigenic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of A. conyzoides. This could help to turn A. conyzoides, a nuisance weed, into a resource. RESULTS: The essential oil of Ageratum conyzoides L. shows the presence of 12 compounds when analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The growth and aflatoxin production of the toxigenic strain Aspergillus parasiticus was completely inhibited by essential oil. All the studied concentrations of the oil demonstrate a reduction in mycelia growth and decreased production of different aflatoxins in fungi, as revealed by liquid chomatographic-tandem mass spectrometric analysis. Volatiles from macerated green leaf tissue of A. conyzoides were also effective against A. parasiticus. The strongest antibacterial activity was observed against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis in a disk diffusion bioassay. Essential oil and methanol extract of A. conyzoides L. were assayed for their antioxidant activity. Methanol extract showed the highest antioxidant activity in FRAP and DPPH assay, whereas essential oil showed greater lipid peroxidation inhibition than methanol extract. CONCLUSION: The plant's ethno-medicinal importance, antioxidant potential, inhibitory activity against the Aspergillus group of fungi and production of aflatoxins may add a new dimension to its usefulness in the protection of stored product.


Subject(s)
Aflatoxins/biosynthesis , Ageratum/chemistry , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Aspergillus/drug effects , Oils, Volatile/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Antifungal Agents/chemistry , Antioxidants/chemistry , Aspergillus/growth & development , Aspergillus/metabolism , Bacillus/drug effects , Chromatography, Liquid , Food Microbiology , Mycelium/drug effects , Oils, Volatile/chemistry , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Leaves , Tandem Mass Spectrometry
9.
Biodegradation ; 20(6): 777-87, 2009 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19468842

ABSTRACT

Bacillus sp. VUS decolorized azo dye Navy blue 2GL in 48 h at static anoxic condition in yeast extract medium, whereas it took only 18 h for the decolorization in presence of CaCl(2). Different inducers played role in the decolorization of Navy blue 2GL. CaCl(2) found to be the most effective inducer among all inducers tested. The activity of enzymes like lignin peroxidase, laccase and reductases viz. NADH-DCIP, azo and riboflavin induced during decolorization represents their role in the biodegradation. Extracellular LiP and intracellular laccase activity induced with CaCl(2). Yeast extract was best medium for faster decolorization than other media. UV-vis spectrophotometer analysis and visual examinations showed decolorization of dye. High performance liquid chromatography, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy showed degradation of dye. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy revealed formation of 4-Amino-3-(2-bromo-4, 6-dinitro-phenylazo)-phenol and acetic acid 2-(-acetoxy-ethylamino)-ethyl ester as final products. Bacillus sp. VUS also decolorized synthetic effluent. Phytotoxicity study showed detoxification of Navy blue 2GL.


Subject(s)
Azo Compounds/metabolism , Bacillus/metabolism , Coloring Agents/metabolism , Phenylenediamines/metabolism , Textiles , Bacillus/drug effects , Bacillus/enzymology , Bacillus/growth & development , Biodegradation, Environmental/drug effects , Biomass , Color , Culture Media , Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology , Kinetics , Laccase/metabolism , Monophenol Monooxygenase/metabolism , Peroxidase/metabolism , Sorghum/drug effects , Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared , Time Factors , Triticum/drug effects
10.
J Hazard Mater ; 158(2-3): 507-16, 2008 Oct 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18329800

ABSTRACT

Soil samples collected from the vicinity of "Manpasand textile industry", located near Ichalkaranji, India were studied for screening and isolation of bacterial strains capable of degradation of textile dyes. A potential strain was selected on the basis of rapid dye degradation and later identified as Comamonas sp. UVS. Comamonas sp. UVS showed 100% decolorization of Direct Red 5B (DR5B) dye at 40 degrees C and pH 6.5. The maximum Direct Red 5B concentration decolorized was 1,100 mg/l in nutrient broth within 125 h. A numerical simulation with the Michaelis-Menten kinetics model gives an optimal value of 16.01+/-0.36 mg dye/g cell/h for maximum rate (V(max)) and 7.97+/-0.21 mg/l for the Michaelis constant (K(m)). The induction in the activities of laccase and LiP was observed during decolorization. These enzymes were inhibited by the addition of sodium azide. The biodegradation was monitored by UV-vis, FTIR spectroscopy and HPLC. The GCMS analysis indicated the presence of 7-benzoylamino-3-diazenyl-4-hydroxy-naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid in degraded product of the dye. The germination of Triticum aestivum seeds was inhibited with DR5B treatment but not with the treatment of dye degradation products.


Subject(s)
Coloring Agents/metabolism , Comamonas/metabolism , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Color , Comamonas/genetics , DNA, Ribosomal/genetics , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Kinetics , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics , Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared , Textile Industry
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