Native promoter strategy for high-yielding synthesis and engineering of fungal secondary metabolites.

Strategies are needed for the robust production of cryptic, silenced, or engineered secondary metabolites in fungi. The filamentous fungus Fusarium heterosporum natively synthesizes the polyketide equisetin at >2 g L(-1) in a controllable manner. We hypothesized that this production level was achieved by regulatory elements in the equisetin pathway, leading to the prediction that the same regulatory elements would be useful in producing other secondary metabolites. This was tested by using the native eqxS promoter and eqxR regulator in F. heterosporum, synthesizing heterologous natural products in yields of ∼1 g L(-1). As proof of concept for the practical application, we resurrected an extinct pathway from an endophytic fungus with an initial yield of >800 mg L(-1), leading to the practical synthesis of a selective antituberculosis agent. Finally, the method enabled new insights into the function of polyketide synthases in filamentous fungi. These results demonstrate a strategy for optimally employing native regulators for the robust synthesis of secondary metabolites.

Isolation of pyrrolocins A-C: cis- and trans-decalin tetramic acid antibiotics from an endophytic fungal-derived pathway.

Three new decalin-type tetramic acid analogues, pyrrolocins A (1), B (2), and C (3), were defined as products of a metabolic pathway from a fern endophyte, NRRL 50135, from Papua New Guinea. NRRL 50135 initially produced 1 but ceased its production before chemical or biological evaluation could be completed. Upon transfer of the biosynthetic pathway to a model host, 1-3 were produced. All three compounds are structurally related to equisetin-type compounds, with 1 and 3 having a trans-decalin ring system, while 2 has a cis-fused decalin. All were active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with the trans-decalin analogues 1 and 3 exhibiting lower MICs than the cis-decalin analogue 2. Here we report the isolation, structure elucidation, and antimycobacterial activities of 1-3 from the recombinant expression as well as the isolation of 1 from the wild-type fungus NRRL 50135.

4-Quinolone alkaloids from Melochia odorata.

The methanol extract of Melochia odorata yielded three 4-quinolone alkaloids including waltherione A (1) and two new alkaloids, waltherione C (2) and waltherione D (3). Waltheriones A and C showed significant activities in an in vitro anti-HIV cytoprotection assay at concentrations of 56.2 and 0.84 µM and inhibition of HIV P24 formation of more than 50% at 1.7 and 0.95 µM, respectively. The structures of the alkaloids were established by spectroscopic data interpretation.

New antimycobacterial triterpenoids from Rhus taitensis.

Two new triterpenoids were isolated from the leaves and twigs of Rhus taitensis. Their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic studies as 1,10,24,25,30-pentahydroxysqualene and dammar-20(22),24-diene-3 ß,26,27-triol. Both compounds exhibited moderate antimycobacterial activities with an MIC of 45 µg/mL.

WLS-dependent secretion of WNT3A requires Ser209 acylation and vacuolar acidification.

Wnt proteins are secreted post-translationally modified proteins that signal locally to regulate development and proliferation. The production of bioactive Wnts requires a number of dedicated factors in the secreting cell whose coordinated functions are not fully understood. A screen for small molecules identified inhibitors of vacuolar acidification as potent inhibitors of Wnt secretion. Inhibition of the V-ATPase or disruption of vacuolar pH gradients by diverse drugs potently inhibited Wnt/ß-catenin signaling both in cultured human cells and in vivo, and impaired Wnt-regulated convergent extension movements in Xenopus embryos. WNT secretion requires its binding to the carrier protein wntless (WLS); we find that WLS is ER-resident in human cells and WNT3A binding to WLS requires PORCN-dependent lipid modification of WNT3A at serine 209. Inhibition of vacuolar acidification results in accumulation of the WNT3A-WLS complex both in cells and at the plasma membrane. Modeling predictions suggest that WLS has a lipid-binding ß-barrel that is similar to the lipocalin-family fold. We propose that WLS binds Wnts in part through a lipid-binding domain, and that vacuolar acidification is required to release palmitoylated WNT3A from WLS in secretory vesicles, possibly to facilitate transfer of WNT3A to a soluble carrier protein.

Strongylophorines: natural product inhibitors of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 transcriptional pathway.

Rapidly increasing experimental and clinical data provides evidence for the role of hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) as a crucial mediator of tumor survival and progression. In our effort to identify inhibitors of the HIF-1 activation pathway, we screened fractions from marine invertebrates. Fractions from an extract of Petrosia (Strongylophora) strongylata potently inhibited the HIF-1 activation pathway. Strongylophorines 2, 3, and 8 isolated from the active fractions were found to be responsible for the HIF-1 inhibition with EC 50 values of 8, 13, and 6 microM, respectively.

New communesin derivatives from the fungus Penicillium sp. derived from the Mediterranean sponge Axinella verrucosa.

The ethyl acetate extract of Penicillium sp., derived from the Mediterranean sponge Axinella verrucosa, yielded the known compound communesin B (1) and its new congeners communesins C (2) and D (3), as well as the known compounds griseofulvin, dechlorogriseofulvin, and oxaline. All structures were unambiguously established by 1D and 2D NMR and MS data. In several bioassays performed on different leukemia cell lines, the communesins exhibited moderate antiproliferative activity.

New metabolites from sponge-derived fungi Curvularia lunata and Cladosporium herbarum.

The fungus Curvularia lunata, isolated from the marine sponge Niphates olemda, yielded the new 1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methoxyanthraquinone, which we named lunatin (1), the known modified bisanthraquinone cytoskyrin A (2), and the known plant hormone (+)-abscisic acid (3). Both anthraquinones were found to be active against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Two strains of the fungus Cladosporium herbarum, isolated from the sponges Aplysina aerophoba and Callyspongia aerizusa, respectively, yielded two new alpha-pyrones, herbarin A (4) and herbarin B (5), the known compound citreoviridin A (6), and the new phthalide herbaric acid (7). All structures were unambiguously established by 1D and 2D NMR and MS data.