Stemness and Cell Cycle Regulators and Their Modulation by Retinoic Acid in Ewing Sarcoma.

Retinoic acid (RA) regulates stemness and differentiation in human embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a pediatric tumor that may arise from the abnormal development of ESCs. Here we show that RA impairs the viability of SK-ES-1 ES cells and affects the cell cycle. Cells treated with RA showed increased levels of p21 and its encoding gene, CDKN1A. RA reduced mRNA and protein levels of SRY-box transcription factor 2 (SOX2) as well as mRNA levels of beta III Tubulin (TUBB3), whereas the levels of CD99 increased. Exposure to RA reduced the capability of SK-ES-1 to form tumorspheres with high expression of SOX2 and Nestin. Gene expression of CD99 and CDKN1A was reduced in ES tumors compared to non-tumoral tissue, whereas transcript levels of SOX2 were significantly higher in tumors. For NES and TUBB3, differences between tumors and control tissue did not reach statistical significance. Low expression of CD99 and NES, and high expression of SOX2, were significantly associated with a poorer patient prognosis indicated by shorter overall survival (OS). Our results indicate that RA may display rather complex modulatory effects on multiple target genes associated with the maintenance of stem cell's features versus their differentiation, cell cycle regulation, and patient prognosis in ES.

A Prognostic Methylation-Driven Two-Gene Signature in Medulloblastoma.

Medulloblastoma (MB) is one of the most common pediatric brain tumors and it is estimated that one-third of patients will not achieve long-term survival. Conventional prognostic parameters have limited and unreliable correlations with MB outcome, presenting a major challenge for patients' clinical improvement. Acknowledging this issue, our aim was to build a gene signature and evaluate its potential as a new prognostic model for patients with the disease. In this study, we used six datasets totaling 1679 samples including RNA gene expression and DNA methylation data from primary MB as well as control samples from healthy cerebellum. We identified methylation-driven genes (MDGs) in MB, genes whose expression is correlated with their methylation. We employed LASSO regression, incorporating the MDGs as a parameter to develop the prognostic model. Through this approach, we derived a two-gene signature (GS-2) of candidate prognostic biomarkers for MB (CEMIP and NCBP3). Using a risk score model, we confirmed the GS-2 impact on overall survival (OS) with Kaplan-Meier analysis. We evaluated its robustness and accuracy with receiver operating characteristic curves predicting OS at 1, 3, and 5 years in multiple independent datasets. The GS-2 showed highly significant results as an independent prognostic biomarker compared to traditional MB markers. The methylation-regulated GS-2 risk score model can effectively classify patients with MB into high and low-risk, reinforcing the importance of this epigenetic modification in the disease. Such genes stand out as promising prognostic biomarkers with potential application for MB treatment.

Histone Methyltransferases G9a/Ehmt2 and GLP/Ehmt1 Are Associated with Cell Viability and Poorer Prognosis in Neuroblastoma and Ewing Sarcoma.

Changes in epigenetic programming have been proposed as being key events in the initiation and progression of childhood cancers. HMT euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase 2 (G9a, EHMT2), which is encoded by the G9a (Ehmt2) gene, as well as its related protein GLP, which is encoded by the GLP/Ehmt1 gene, participate in epigenetic regulation by contributing to a transcriptionally repressed chromatin state. G9a/GLP activation has been reported in several cancer types. Herein, we evaluated the role of G9a in two solid pediatric tumors: neuroblastoma (NB) and Ewing sarcoma (ES). Our results show that G9a/Ehmt2 and GLP/Ehmt1 expression is higher in tumors with poorer prognosis, including St4 International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS) stage, MYCN amplified NB, and metastatic ES. Importantly, higher G9a and GLP levels were associated with shorter patient overall survival (OS) in both NB and ES. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of G9a/GLP reduced cell viability in NB and ES cells. These findings suggest that G9a and GLP are associated with more aggressive NB and ES tumors and should be further investigated as being epigenetic targets in pediatric solid cancers.

Modulation of Viability, Proliferation, and Stemness by Rosmarinic Acid in Medulloblastoma Cells: Involvement of HDACs and EGFR.

Medulloblastoma (MB) is a heterogeneous group of malignant pediatric brain tumors, divided into molecular groups with distinct biological features and prognoses. Currently available therapy often results in poor long-term quality of life for patients, which will be afflicted by neurological, neuropsychiatric, and emotional sequelae. Identifying novel therapeutic agents capable of targeting the tumors without jeopardizing patients' quality of life is imperative. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a plant-derived compound whose action against a series of diseases including cancer has been investigated, with no side effects reported so far. Previous studies have not examined whether RA has effects in MB. Here, we show RA is cytotoxic against human Daoy (IC50 = 168 µM) and D283 (IC50 = 334 µM) MB cells. Exposure to RA for 48 h reduced histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) expression while increasing H3K9 hyperacetylation, reduced epidermal growth factor (EGFR) expression, and inhibited EGFR downstream targets extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and AKT in Daoy cells. These modifications were accompanied by increased expression of CDKN1A/p21, reduced expression of SOX2, and a decrease in proliferative rate. Treatment with RA also reduced cancer stem cell markers expression and neurosphere size. Taken together, our findings indicate that RA can reduce cell proliferation and stemness and induce cell cycle arrest in MB cells. Mechanisms mediating these effects may include targeting HDAC1, EGFR, and ERK signaling, and promoting p21 expression, possibly through an increase in H3K9ac and AKT deactivation. RA should be further investigated as a potential anticancer agent in experimental MB.

A logical model of Ewing sarcoma cell epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition supports the existence of hybrid cellular phenotypes.

Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a highly aggressive pediatric tumor driven by the RNA-binding protein EWS (EWS)/friend leukemia integration 1 transcription factor (FLI1) chimeric transcription factor, which is involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT stabilizes a hybrid cell state, boosting metastatic potential and drug resistance. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying the maintenance of this hybrid phenotype in ES remain elusive. Our study proposes a logical EMT model for ES, highlighting zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2), miR-145, and miR-200 circuits that maintain hybrid states. The model aligns with experimental findings and reveals a previously unknown circuit supporting the mesenchymal phenotype. These insights emphasize the role of ZEB2 in the maintenance of the hybrid state in ES.

Targeting the epigenome of cancer stem cells in pediatric nervous system tumors.

Medulloblastoma, neuroblastoma, and pediatric glioma account for almost 30% of all cases of pediatric cancers. Recent evidence indicates that pediatric nervous system tumors originate from stem or progenitor cells and present a subpopulation of cells with highly tumorigenic and stem cell-like features. These cancer stem cells play a role in initiation, progression, and resistance to treatment of pediatric nervous system tumors. Histone modification, DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling, and microRNA regulation display a range of regulatory activities involved in cancer origin and progression, and cellular identity, especially those associated with stem cell features, such as self-renewal and pluripotent differentiation potential. Here, we review the contribution of different epigenetic mechanisms in pediatric nervous system tumor cancer stem cells. The choice between a differentiated and undifferentiated state can be modulated by alterations in the epigenome through the regulation of stemness genes such as CD133, SOX2, and BMI1 and the activation neuronal of differentiation markers, RBFOX3, GFAP, and S100B. Additionally, we highlighted the stage of development of epigenetic drugs and the clinical benefits and efficacy of epigenetic modulators in pediatric nervous system tumors.

Cancer Stem Cells and Chemoresistance in Ewing Sarcoma.

Resistance to chemotherapy poses a major challenge for cancer treatment. Reactivating a stem cell program resembling that seen in embryonic development can lead cancer cells to acquire a stem-cell phenotype characterized by expression of stemness genes, pluripotency, high self-renewal ability, and tumor-initiating capability. These cancer stem cells (CSCs) are usually resistant to anticancer drugs and are likely involved in treatment failure in many cancer types. Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a pediatric cancer type typically resulting from a typical genetic alteration affecting bone or soft tissues. Despite advances in treatment, survival prognostic remains poor for patients with refractory or recurrent disease. Here, we review the increasing evidence indicating that ES tumors contain a CSC subpopulation expressing stem cell genes, including BM1, OCT3/4, NANOG, and SOX2, that plays a role in resistance to drug treatment, and current experimental strategies that successfully counteract chemoresistance mediated by CSCs in ES.

ZEB1 is a Subgroup-Specific Marker of Prognosis and Potential Drug Target in Medulloblastoma.

Medulloblastoma (MB) is a malignant brain tumor that afflicts mostly children and adolescents and presents four distinct molecular subgroups, known as WNT, SHH, Group 3, and Group 4. ZEB1 is a transcription factor that promotes the expression of mesenchymal markers while restraining expression of epithelial and polarity genes. Because of ZEB1 involvement in cerebellum development, here we investigated the role of ZEB1 in MB. We found increased expression of ZEB1 in MB tumor samples compared to normal cerebellar tissue. Expression was higher in the SHH subgroup when compared to all other MB molecular subgroups. High ZEB1 expression was associated with poor prognosis in Group 3 and Group 4, whereas in patients with WNT tumors poorer prognosis were related to lower ZEB1 expression. There was a moderate correlation between ZEB1 and MYC expression in Group 3 and Group 4 MB. Treatment with the immunomodulator and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor fingolimod (FTY720) reduced ZEB1 expression specifically in D283 cells, which are representative of Group 3 and Group 4 MB. These findings reveal novel subgroup-specific associations of ZEB1 expression with survival in patients with MB and suggest that ZEB1 expression can be reduced by pharmacological agents that target HDAC activity.

Toll-like Receptors 2, 3, and 4 in Childhood Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia / Receptores do Tipo Toll 2, 3 e 4 em Leucemia Linfocítica Aguda Infanti / Receptores Tipo Toll 2, 3 y 4 en la Leucemia Linfocítica Aguda Infantil

Introduction: Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is the most common cancer type in children and accounts for 80% of pediatric leukemias. Novel targets are necessary to improve survival rates for refractory and relapsed disease. There is accumulating evidence that Toll-like Receptor (TLR) signaling may be associated with outcomes in cancer however little has been described in leukemias. Objective: Analyze the expression and contribution of TLRs to the development of childhood ALL. Method: To evaluate the effect of specific TLR2, TLR3, and TLR4 agonists on the viability and proliferation of childhood ALL cell lines and to analyzed the mRNA expression of these types of TLR in bone marrow blast cells at diagnosis (D0) and induction (D35) in pediatric ALL patients. Results: Treatment with TLR agonists reduced the cell viability of Jurkat and Sup-B15 cell lines. Cell cycle distribution in Jurkat was altered, reducing polyploid cells and increasing sub-G1 phase. Conclusion: It was observed that the cell viability of the cell lines responded with different sensitivities to the agonists. The polyploidy associated with tumor malignancy was reduced, in addition to the increase in the sub-G1 phase indicating an increase in apoptosis. There were differences in TLR expression at D35 between groups at risk of the disease. Patients with high expression of TLR2 and low expression of TLR4 on D35 demonstrated a worse prognosis

Introdução: A leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA) é o tipo de câncer mais comum em crianças e representa 80% das leucemias pediátricas. Novos alvos são necessários para melhorar as taxas de sobrevivência para doença refratária e recidivante. Há evidências acumuladas de que a sinalização de receptores Toll-Like (TLR) pode estar associada a resultados em câncer, embora pouco tenha sido descrito em leucemias. Objetivo: Analisar a expressão e a contribuição dos TLR para o desenvolvimento da LLA infantil. Método: Avaliar o efeito de agonistas específicos de TLR2, TLR3 e TLR4 na viabilidade e proliferação de linhagens celulares de LLA infantil e analisar a expressão do RNAm desses tipos de TLR em células blásticas da medula óssea no diagnóstico (D0) e na indução (D35) em pacientes LLA pediátricos. Resultados: O tratamento com agonistas de TLR reduziu a viabilidade celular das linhagens celulares Jurkat e Sup-B15. A distribuição do ciclo celular em Jurkat foi alterada, reduzindo as células poliploides e aumentando a fase sub-G1. Houve aumento na expressão dos receptores entre D0 e D35 em amostras de pacientes. Conclusão: Observou-se que a viabilidade celular das linhagens celulares respondeu com diferentes sensibilidades aos agonistas. A poliploidia associada à malignidade tumoral foi reduzida, além de o aumento da fase sub-G1 indicar aumento da apoptose. Houve diferenças na expressão de TLR em D35 entre os grupos de risco da doença. Pacientes com alta expressão de TLR2 e baixa expressão de TLR4 no D35 demonstraram pior prognóstico.

Introducción: La leucemia linfocítica aguda (LLA) es el tipo de cáncer más común en los niños y representa el 80 % de las leucemias pediátricas. Se necesitan nuevos objetivos para mejorar las tasas de supervivencia de la enfermedad refractaria y recidivante. Cada vez hay más pruebas de que la señalización del receptor Toll-Like (TLR) puede estar asociada con resultados en el cáncer, aunque se ha descrito poco en las leucemias. Objetivo: Analizar la expresión y la contribución de los TLR al desarrollo de la LLA infantil. Método: Evaluar el efecto de agonistas específicos de TLR2, TLR3 y TLR4 en la viabilidad y proliferación de líneas celulares de LLA infantil y analizar la expresión de ARNm de estos tipos de TLR en células blásticas de médula ósea en el momento del diagnóstico (D0) y la inducción (D35) en pacientes pediátricos con LLA. Resultados: El tratamiento con agonistas de TLR redujo la viabilidad celular de las líneas celulares Jurkat y sup-B15. Se alteró la distribución del ciclo celular en Jurkat, reduciendo las células poliploides y aumentando la fase sub-G1. Hubo un aumento en la expresión de los receptores entre D0 y D35 en muestras de pacientes. Conclusión: Se observó que la viabilidad celular de las líneas celulares respondía con distintas sensibilidades a los agonistas. Se redujo la poliploidía asociada con la malignidad del tumor, además de un aumento de la fase sub-G1 que indica un aumento de la apoptosis. Hubo diferencias en la expresión de TLR en D35 entre los grupos de riesgo de enfermedad. Los pacientes con alta expresión de TLR2 y baja expresión de TLR4 en D35 mostraron peor pronóstico

G9a/EHMT2 is a Potential Prognostic Biomarker and Molecular Target in SHH Medulloblastoma.

Changes in epigenetic programming are associated with cancer development during childhood. Components of the epigenetic machinery involved in normal embryonic development and hijacked by pediatric cancers include enzymes mediating post-translational modifications of DNA and histones that regulate chromatin structure, such as histone methyltransferases (HMTs). Overexpression of the HMT G9a (euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase 2, EHMT2) has been described in several cancer types. Medulloblastoma (MB), the main type of malignant brain tumor afflicting children, is currently classified into four molecular subgroups. Here, we show that expression level of the G9a/Ehmt2 gene is higher in MB tumors belonging to the SHH, Group 3, and Group 4 subgroups, compared to Wnt tumors. Remarkably, high G9a expression was significantly associated with shorter overall survival in MB patients. We also present evidence that G9a inhibition dose-dependently reduces MB cell viability. Our findings suggest that higher transcription of G9a may be a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with SHH MB, and that inhibiting G9a activity can display antitumor effects in MB.

EHMT2/G9a as an Epigenetic Target in Pediatric and Adult Brain Tumors.

Epigenetic mechanisms, including post-translational modifications of DNA and histones that influence chromatin structure, regulate gene expression during normal development and are also involved in carcinogenesis and cancer progression. The histone methyltransferase G9a (euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase 2, EHMT2), which mostly mediates mono- and dimethylation by histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9), influences gene expression involved in embryonic development and tissue differentiation. Overexpression of G9a has been observed in several cancer types, and different classes of G9a inhibitors have been developed as potential anticancer agents. Here, we review the emerging evidence suggesting the involvement of changes in G9a activity in brain tumors, namely glioblastoma (GBM), the main type of primary malignant brain cancer in adults, and medulloblastoma (MB), the most common type of malignant brain cancer in children. We also discuss the role of G9a in neuroblastoma (NB) and the drug development of G9a inhibitors.

Primary cells derived from Tuberous Sclerosis Complex patients show autophagy alteration in the haploinsufficiency state.

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant cancer predisposition disorder caused by heterozygous mutations in TSC1 or TSC2 genes and characterized by mTORC1 hyperactivation. TSC-associated tumors develop after loss of heterozygosity mutations and their treatment involves the use of mTORC1 inhibitors. We aimed to evaluate cellular processes regulated by mTORC1 in TSC cells with different mutations before tumor development. Flow cytometry analyses were performed to evaluate cell viability, cell cycle and autophagy in non-tumor primary TSC cells with different heterozygous mutations and in control cells without TSC mutations, before and after treatment with rapamycin (mTORC1 inhibitor). We did not observe differences in cell viability and cell cycle between the cell groups. However, autophagy was reduced in mutated cells. After rapamycin treatment, mutated cells showed a significant increase in the autophagy process (p=0.039). We did not observe differences between cells with distinct TSC mutations. Our main finding is the alteration of autophagy in non-tumor TSC cells. Previous studies in literature found autophagy alterations in tumor TSC cells or knock-out animal models. We showed that autophagy could be an important mechanism that leads to TSC tumor formation in the haploinsufficiency state. This result could guide future studies in this field.

Oncogenic functions of ZEB1 in pediatric solid cancers: interplays with microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs.

The transcription factor Zinc finger E-box binding 1 (ZEB1) displays a range of regulatory activities in cell function and embryonic development, including driving epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Several aspects of ZEB1 function can be regulated by its functional interactions with noncoding RNA types, namely microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Increasing evidence indicates that ZEB1 importantly influences cancer initiation, tumor progression, metastasis, and resistance to treatment. Cancer is the main disease-related cause of death in children and adolescents. Although the role of ZEB1 in pediatric cancer is still poorly understood, emerging findings have shown that it is expressed and regulates childhood solid tumors including osteosarcoma, retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma, and central nervous system tumors. Here, we review the evidence supporting a role for ZEB1, and its interplays with miRNAs and lncRNAs, in pediatric cancers.

Reverse Engineering of Ewing Sarcoma Regulatory Network Uncovers PAX7 and RUNX3 as Master Regulators Associated with Good Prognosis.

Ewing Sarcoma (ES) is a rare malignant tumor occurring most frequently in adolescents and young adults. The ES hallmark is a chromosomal translocation between the chromosomes 11 and 22 that results in an aberrant transcription factor (TF) through the fusion of genes from the FET and ETS families, commonly EWSR1 and FLI1. The regulatory mechanisms behind the ES transcriptional alterations remain poorly understood. Here, we reconstruct the ES regulatory network using public available transcriptional data. Seven TFs were identified as potential MRs and clustered into two groups: one composed by PAX7 and RUNX3, and another composed by ARNT2, CREB3L1, GLI3, MEF2C, and PBX3. The MRs within each cluster act as reciprocal agonists regarding the regulation of shared genes, regulon activity, and implications in clinical outcome, while the clusters counteract each other. The regulons of all the seven MRs were differentially methylated. PAX7 and RUNX3 regulon activity were associated with good prognosis while ARNT2, CREB3L1, GLI3, and PBX3 were associated with bad prognosis. PAX7 and RUNX3 appear as highly expressed in ES biopsies and ES cell lines. This work contributes to the understanding of the ES regulome, identifying candidate MRs, analyzing their methilome and pointing to potential prognostic factors.

Neurotrophin Signaling in Medulloblastoma.

Neurotrophins are a family of secreted proteins that act by binding to tropomyosin receptor kinase (Trk) or p75NTR receptors to regulate nervous system development and plasticity. Increasing evidence indicates that neurotrophins and their receptors in cancer cells play a role in tumor growth and resistance to treatment. In this review, we summarize evidence indicating that neurotrophin signaling influences medulloblastoma (MB), the most common type of malignant brain cancer afflicting children. We discuss the potential of neurotrophin receptors as new therapeutic targets for the treatment of MB. Overall, activation of TrkA and TrkC types of receptors seem to promote cell death, whereas TrkB might stimulate MB growth, and TrkB inhibition displays antitumor effects. Importantly, we show analyses of the gene expression profile of neurotrophins and their receptors in MB primary tumors, which indicate, among other findings, that higher levels of NTRK1 or NTRK2 are associated with reduced overall survival (OS) of patients with SHH MB tumors.

Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors in Pediatric Brain Cancers: Biological Activities and Therapeutic Potential.

Brain cancers are the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in children. Biological changes in these tumors likely include epigenetic deregulation during embryonal development of the nervous system. Histone acetylation is one of the most widely investigated epigenetic processes, and histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) are increasingly important candidate treatments in many cancer types. Here, we review advances in our understanding of how HDACis display antitumor effects in experimental models of specific pediatric brain tumor types, i.e., medulloblastoma (MB), ependymoma (EPN), pediatric high-grade gliomas (HGGs), and rhabdoid and atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (ATRTs). We also discuss clinical perspectives for the use of HDACis in the treatment of pediatric brain tumors.

Expression and pharmacological inhibition of TrkB and EGFR in glioblastoma.

A member of the Trk family of neurotrophin receptors, tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB, encoded by the NTRK2 gene) is an increasingly important target in various cancer types, including glioblastoma (GBM). EGFR is among the most frequently altered oncogenes in GBM, and EGFR inhibition has been tested as an experimental therapy. Functional interactions between EGFR and TrkB have been demonstrated. In the present study, we investigated the role of TrkB and EGFR, and their interactions, in GBM. Analyses of NTRK2 and EGFR gene expression from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets showed an increase in NTRK2 expression in the proneural subtype of GBM, and a strong correlation between NTRK2 and EGFR expression in glioma CpG island methylator phenotype (G-CIMP+) samples. We showed that when TrkB and EGFR inhibitors were combined, the inhibitory effect on A172 human GBM cells was more pronounced than when either inhibitor was given alone. When U87MG GBM cells were xenografted into the flank of nude mice, tumor growth was delayed by treatment with TrkB and EGFR inhibitors, given alone or combined, only at specific time points. Intracranial GBM growth in mice was not significantly affected by drug treatments. Our findings indicate that correlations between NTRK2 and EGFR expression occur in specific GBM subgroups. Also, our results using cultured cells suggest for the first time the potential of combining TrkB and EGFR inhibition for the treatment of GBM.

HDAC and MAPK/ERK Inhibitors Cooperate To Reduce Viability and Stemness in Medulloblastoma.

Medulloblastoma (MB), which originates from embryonic neural stem cells (NSCs) or neural precursors in the developing cerebellum, is the most common malignant brain tumor of childhood. Recurrent and metastatic disease is the principal cause of death and may be related to resistance within cancer stem cells (CSCs). Chromatin state is involved in maintaining signaling pathways related to stemness, and inhibition of histone deacetylase enzymes (HDAC) has emerged as an experimental therapeutic strategy to target this cell population. Here, we observed antitumor actions and changes in stemness induced by HDAC inhibition in MB. Analyses of tumor samples from patients with MB showed that the stemness markers BMI1 and CD133 are expressed in all molecular subgroups of MB. The HDAC inhibitor (HDACi) NaB reduced cell viability and expression of BMI1 and CD133 and increased acetylation in human MB cells. Enrichment analysis of genes associated with CD133 or BMI1 expression showed mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK signaling as the most enriched processes in MB tumors. MAPK/ERK inhibition reduced expression of the stemness markers, hindered MB neurosphere formation, and its antiproliferative effect was enhanced by combination with NaB. These results suggest that combining HDAC and MAPK/ERK inhibitors may be a novel and more effective approach in reducing MB proliferation when compared to single-drug treatments, through modulation of the stemness phenotype of MB cells.

Fingolimod (FTY720) reduces viability and survival and increases histone H3 acetylation in medulloblastoma cells.

Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) are epigenetic agents that display antitumor activities in experimental medulloblastoma (MB). Fingolimod (FTY720), an immunosuppressant agent currently used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, also has anticancer actions and can act as an HDACi. Here we examined whether fingolimod can inhibit human MB cell viability and survival, and if the effects are accompanied by increased histone acetylation. D283 and DAOY MB cells were treated with different doses of fingolimod. Cell viability was assessed by cell counting in a hemocytometer, and cell survival was analyzed with a colony formation assay. Histone H3 acetylation was measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Fingolimod at 7.5 or 10 µM, but not at 5 µM, induced a significant reduction in cell viability in D283 and DAOY cultures, and similar results were observed for inhibition of cell survival. In both cell lines, fingolimod also led to a significant increase in the levels of acetylated H3. These findings provide preliminary evidence indicating that fingolimod induces antitumor activities in MB, possibly through a mechanism which increases H3 histone acetylation.