Pediatric Traumatic Injuries Due to Agrarian Hay-Hole Falls.

Hay-holes are a design feature in many traditionally built barns that serve as a portal through which stored hay is passed to the lower level where animals are fed. Unfortunately, children sometimes fall through the hay-hole to the concrete or packed earth below. Available data on the frequency and types of hay-hole injuries is limited. The purpose of this study was to better characterize the resultant injuries and identify prognostic factors that predict outcomes from them. We performed a retrospective review of 53 children admitted to the Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital at the Penn State Hershey Medical Center with injuries due to a fall through a hay-hole over 15 years. Compared to urban trauma, hay-hole falls more frequently involve younger children and craniofacial injuries. Although they may result in significant injuries, they are rarely fatal. Greater fall height is associated with longer length of stay (LOS) but not with a greater frequency of intubation, intracranial hemorrhage, or skull fracture. A re-examination of barn design may help to reduce the frequency of this injury type.

Helmet Therapy for the Management of Deformational Plagiocephaly in Pediatric Patients with Shunted Hydrocephalus.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of helmet therapy for deformational plagiocephaly in patients with shunted hydrocephalus. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: Institutional, tertiary-care hospital. PATIENTS: All patients at St. Louis Children's Hospital between 2014 and 2021 with shunted hydrocephalus who underwent helmet therapy for deformational plagiocephaly. INTERVENTIONS: Helmet therapy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cranial vault asymmetry (CVA), cranial vault asymmetry index (CVAI), and cephalic index (CI) were measured before and after completion of helmet therapy. RESULTS: There were 37 patients with shunted hydrocephalus and documented deformational plagiocephaly. Twelve were managed with helmet therapy. Average age at helmeting initiation and time between shunt placement and helmeting initiation was 5.8 and 4.6 months, respectively. Average CVA, CVAI, and CI at helmeting initiation and termination was 11.6, 7.98, and 85.2, and 6.95, 4.49, and 83.7, respectively. Average duration of helmeting was 3.7 months. CVA and CVAI were significantly lower after helmeting (P = .0028 and .0021) and 11/12 patients had overall improvement in plagiocephaly. CONCLUSIONS: Helmet therapy appears to be a safe and efficacious management strategy for deformational plagiocephaly in patients with shunted hydrocephalus. Despite the occasional need for additional fittings and surveillance beyond the normal schedule, in all cases appropriately fitting helmets were achieved and no major adverse events occurred. This cohort represents a proof of principle for the safety and efficacy of helmet therapy in patients with shunted hydrocephalus. Further work in larger prospective cohorts is needed to confirm these initial findings.

Treatment of hydrocephalus following posterior fossa tumor resection: a multicenter collaboration from the Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network.

OBJECTIVE: Persistent hydrocephalus following posterior fossa brain tumor (PFBT) resection is a common cause of morbidity in pediatric brain tumor patients, for which the optimal treatment is debated. The purpose of this study was to compare treatment outcomes between VPS and ETV in patients with persistent hydrocephalus following surgical resection of a PFBT. METHODS: A post-hoc analysis was performed of the Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network (HCRN) prospective observational study evaluating VPS and ETV for pediatric patients. Children who experienced hydrocephalus secondary to PFBT from 2008 to 2021 were included. Primary outcomes were VPS/ETV treatment failure and time-to-failure (TTF). RESULTS: Among 241 patients, the VPS (183) and ETV (58) groups were similar in age, extent of tumor resection, and preoperative ETV Success Score. There was no difference in overall treatment failure between VPS and ETV (33.9% vs 31.0%, p = 0.751). However, mean TTF was shorter for ETV than VPS (0.45 years vs 1.30 years, p = 0.001). While major complication profiles were similar, compared to VPS, ETV patients had relatively higher incidence of minor CSF leak (10.3% vs. 1.1%, p = 0.003) and pseudomeningocele (12.1% vs 3.3%, p = 0.02). No ETV failures were identified beyond 3 years, while shunt failures occurred beyond 5 years. Shunt infections occurred in 5.5% of the VPS cohort. CONCLUSIONS: ETV and VPS offer similar overall success rates for PFBT-related postoperative hydrocephalus. ETV failure occurs earlier, while susceptibility to VPS failure persists beyond 5 years. Tumor histology and grade may be considered when selecting the optimal means of CSF diversion.

Aneurysmal and arteriovenous malformation hemorrhage during pregnancy: An update on the epidemiology, risk factors and prognosis.

INTRODUCTION: Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating condition with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. Aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation (AVM) rupture are two common etiologies leading to ICH. Here we provide an update on ICH during pregnancy with a focus on those caused by aneurysm or AVM rupture. METHODS: Here we systematically review 25 studies reported in the literature to provide an update on ICH during pregnancy focusing on aneurysm or AVM rupture. We also reviewed the prognosis of ICH during puerperium. RESULTS: Discrepancies exist between studies supporting or refuting the hypothesis of a higher rate of ICH during pregnancy, obscuring the overall rate of aneurysm and AVM rupture in pregnant ICH patients. However, risk factors such as maternal age and hypertension have shown to increase the frequency of ICH in pregnant patients. We also show increased morbidity and mortality in patients suffering from preeclampsia/eclampsia. DISCUSSION: ICH is rare, but the various studies demonstrating its increased frequency, morbidity, and mortality during pregnancy should raise our awareness of this condition. The management and treatment decisions for a pregnant ICH patient should follow the same principles as nonpregnant patients, but with the knowledge that not all medications are appropriate for use in the pregnant patient. Although there seems to be a higher frequency of AVM rupture, further research must be conducted in order to fully determine the effects of pregnancy on aneurysm and AVM ruptures.

Congenital Spinal Cysts: An Update and Review of the Literature.

Congenital spinal cysts are rare and encompass a wide variety of diseases including arachnoid, enterogenous, teratomatous, neurenteric, foregut, bronchogenic, epithelial, ependymal, dermoid, and epidermoid cysts. Here, we elucidate the epidemiology, pathology, pathogenesis, and diagnostic findings of the most common congenital spinal cysts, followed by a discussion of their presentation and treatment options. Differentiating the cause of each lesion is crucial for targeted clinical and surgical management for the patient. Our review describes how arachnoid cysts can be observed, fenestrated, percutaneously drained, or shunted; however, the primary goal for neurenteric, dermoid, and epidermoid cysts is removal. Further, we discuss how patient presentation is dependent on the rate of growth and location of compression on the spinal cord and nerve roots. However, although many of these lesions are discovered incidentally on imaging, the spectrum of possible symptoms include pain, weakness, ataxia, bladder incontinence, and progressive or acute neurologic deficits. We present and review the histology and imaging of a variety of cysts and discuss how although the goal of treatment is resection, the risks of surgery must be considered against the benefits of complete resection in each case.

A Novel Case of Tethered Cord in a Five-Month-Old Male With Pallister-Killian Syndrome.

A five-month-old male presented with an incidentally found low-lying conus medullaris on ultrasound and subsequent MRI demonstrating its position at L4. Pre-operative examination findings included mild, global hypotonia and a coccygeal dimple without bladder or bowel abnormalities or spasticity. The patient underwent spinal cord untethering with a section of filum terminale and was discharged without complication following his procedure. Follow-up at one year revealed continued baseline hypotonia without further neurosurgical needs. This is the first reported case of tethered cord syndrome described in a patient with Pallister-Killian syndrome managed successfully with neurosurgical intervention.

Intracranial arachnoid cysts: Pediatric neurosurgery update.

BACKGROUND: With the greater worldwide availability of neuroimaging, more intracranial arachnoid cysts (IACs) are being found in all age groups. A subset of these lesions become symptomatic and requires neurosurgical management. The clinical presentations of IACs vary from asymptomatic to extremely symptomatic. Here, we reviewed the clinical presentation and treatment considerations for pediatric IACs. CASE DESCRIPTION: Here, we presented three cases of IAC, focusing on different clinical and treatment considerations. CONCLUSION: IACs can be challenging to manage. There is no Class I Evidence to guide how these should be treated. We suggest clinical decision-making framework as to how to treat IACs based on our understanding of the natural history, risks/benefits of treatments, and outcomes in the future, require better patient selection for the surgical management of IACs will be warranted.

Minimally Invasive, Stereotactic, Wireless, Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Placement in the Lumbar Spine: Accuracy Rates With 182 Consecutive Screws.

BACKGROUND: Standard fluoroscopic navigation and stereotactic computed tomography-guided lumbar pedicle screw instrumentation traditionally relied on the placement of Kirshner wires (K-wires) to ensure accurate screw placement. The use of K-wires, however, is associated with a risk of morbidity due to potential ventral displacement into the retroperitoneum. We report our experience using a computer image-guided, wireless method for pedicle screw placement. We hypothesize that minimally invasive, wireless pedicle screw placement is as accurate and safe as the traditional technique using K-wires while decreasing operative time and avoiding potential complications associated with K-wires. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of 42 consecutive patients who underwent a stereotactic-guided, wireless lumbar pedicle screw placement. All screws were placed to provide fixation to a variety of interbody fusion constructs including anterior lumbar interbody fusion, lateral interbody fusion, and transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. The procedures were performed using the O-arm intraoperative imaging system with StealthStation navigation (Medtronic, Memphis, TN) and Medtronic navigated instrumentation. After placing a percutaneous navigation frame into the posterior superior iliac spine or onto an adjacent spinous process, an intraoperative O-arm image was obtained to allow subsequent StealthStation navigation. Para-median incisions were selected to allow precise percutaneous access to the target pedicles. The pedicles were cannulated using either a stereotactic drill or a novel awl-tipped tap along with a low-speed/high-torque power driver. The initial trajectory into the pedicle was recorded on the Medtronic StealthStation prior to removal of the drill or awl-tap, creating a "virtual" K-wire rather than inserting an actual K-wire to allow subsequent tapping and screw insertion. Accurate screw placement is achieved by following the virtual path as an exact computer-aided design model of the screw traversing the pedicle is projected onto the display and by using audible and tactile feedback. A second O-arm scan was obtained to confirm accuracy of screw placement. RESULTS: A total of 20 women and 22 men (average age = 56 years) underwent a total of 182 pedicle screw placements using the stereotactic, wireless technique. The total breach rate was 9.9%, with a clinically significant breach rate of 0% (defined as >2 mm medial breach or >4 mm lateral breach) and a clinical complication rate of 0%. CONCLUSIONS: Wireless, percutaneous placement of lumbar pedicle screws using computed tomography-guided stereotactic navigation is a safe, reproducible technique with very high accuracy rates.

Robotic-Guided Bihippocampal and Biparahippocampal Depth Placement for Responsive Neurostimulation in Bitemporal Lobe Epilepsy.

BACKGROUND: Patients with bitemporal lobe epilepsy are generally not considered for surgical resection. Fortunately, responsive neurostimulation provides another avenue for the management of this challenging disease process. In conjunction with our epileptologist, we consider responsive neurostimulation for patients who have clinical features of temporal lobe epilepsy without clear localization on imaging and stereoelectroencephalography. METHODS: Here we describe our technique for implanting a responsive neurostimulator (NeuroPace, NeuroPace Inc., Mountain View, California) with depth electrodes monitoring the hippocampus and parahippocampus using stereotactic robotic guidance (ROSA, Medtech SA, Montpeillier, France). RESULTS: We have used this technique with 5 patients without morbidity. Four of 5 patients have received clinical benefit (Engel classification I-III). Promisingly, long-term seizure monitoring with use of the NeuroPace system has suggested lateralizing information on 3 of these patients that was not apparent on previous invasive monitoring. CONCLUSIONS: Robotically implanted responsive neurostimulation is a safe and effective treatment for bitemporal epilepsy and can possibly lead to valuable diagnostic information to guide future surgical management in patients who previously were not considered candidates for resective or ablative surgery.

Outcomes of acute versus elective primary ventral hernia repair.

BACKGROUND: The morbidity and mortality associated with acute primary ventral hernia repair have not been well described. We examined the rate of surgical site infection (SSI), hernia recurrence, and mortality in acute versus elective primary ventral hernia repair and identified predictors of morbidity and mortality after primary ventral hernia repair. METHODS: A retrospective study on all patients undergoing open primary ventral hernia repair at a single institution (2000-2010) was performed. Primary outcomes were mortality at any time, SSI, and recurrence. Survival analysis for the entire, unmatched sample was conducted. We performed a risk-adjusted analysis of outcomes using two methods as follows: (1) case matching and (2) propensity score-adjusted regression model. RESULTS: We identified 497 patients; 57 (11%) underwent acute primary ventral hernia repair. For the entire cohort, survival was worse for patients undergoing acute repair (log rank, 0.03). Following case matching on age, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, and hernia size, there was no difference in mortality, SSI, or recurrence. After propensity score adjustment, acute surgery was not a predictor for mortality or SSI; however, incarcerated hernias predicted recurrence. CONCLUSION: After risk adjustment, acute primary ventral hernia repair was not associated with higher mortality, infection, or recurrence compared with elective repair. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic study, level IV.