Observing cultural competence of healthcare professionals: A systematic review of observational assessment instruments.

OBJECTIVE: Observational instruments are preferred for assessment of cultural competence. The aim of the current study is to identify observational instruments to assess cultural competence in healthcare providers and dieticians specifically and assess their psychometric properties. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted in Cinahl, Cochrane, EMBASE, PsycInfo, Pubmed, and Web of Science using search terms related to cultural competency and measurement properties. Methodological quality of the selected studies of observational cultural competence instruments in dieticians, other healthcare professionals and psychological counsellors and the measurement properties of instruments were assessed using the COSMIN checklist. RESULTS: From 11,913 articles, six articles on five instruments were selected. Instruments were targeted at health professionals and counsellors only, and designed for face-to-face communication (n = 4) or verbal responses to videotaped simulated interactions (n = 1). The instruments' content varied largely, with main focus on attitude, and little on knowledge and skills. The measurement properties were suboptimal. CONCLUSION: No observational instrument are available to evaluate cultural competence of dieticians. Studies on psychometric properties of instruments targeted at other health professionals lack methodological rigour. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Future work should focus on developing an instrument that encompasses both 'general' cultural competences necessary for all healthcare professionals and dietetic specific competences.

Cultural competency in dietetic diabetes care-A qualitative study of the dietician's perspective.

INTRODUCTION: Diabetes type 2 is more prevalent in ethnic minorities in the Netherlands, and outcomes of health care in general are worse compared to other Dutch patients. The purpose of this study is to explore the experiences of dieticians and the knowledge, skills and attitudes they consider to be important for effective dietetic care in migrant patients. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were held with 12 dieticians, of various ages, ethnic backgrounds and experience. The interview guide was based on Seeleman's cultural competence model and the Dutch dietetic consultation model. Interviews were transcribed, coded and thematically analysed, revealing 7 main themes. RESULTS: Dieticians were uncertain whether their care fulfilled their migrant patients' needs. They experienced language differences as a major barrier for retrieving information and tailoring advice to the patient's needs. Furthermore, dieticians feel they lack cultural knowledge. An open and respectful attitude was considered important for effective care. The communication barrier hindered building a trusting relationship; however, few dieticians mentioned a need for communication training. They expressed a need for cultural competence training, specifically to acquire cultural knowledge. CONCLUSION: Dieticians struggle with providing dietetic care for migrant diabetes patients due to communication barriers and difficulty in building a trusting relationship. They are conscious of their lack of cultural knowledge, and acknowledge the need for an open and respectful attitude and essential communication skills in order to collect and convey information. They seem unaware of the impact of low (health) literacy. Cultural competence training is needed for effective dietetic care for migrants.

Views and experiences of ethnic minority diabetes patients on dietetic care in the Netherlands - a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes type 2 is more prevalent in people from ethnic minorities in the Netherlands, and outcomes of care are worse compared with other Dutch people. Dieticians experience difficulties in managing these groups in self-management and adherence to dietary advice. The aim of this study was to explore the views regarding a healthy diet and dietetic care among ethnic minority type 2 diabetes patients. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were held with 12 migrants with diabetes from Turkey, Morocco, Iraq and Curacao, who visited a dietician. Inclusion went on until saturation was reached. The interview guide was based on the Attitudes, Social influence and self-Efficacy (ASE) model and Kleinman's explanatory model of illness. Interviews were held in the language preferred by the respondent. Transcripts were coded and thematically analyzed. RESULTS: Several respondents expected a more rigorous, directive and technical approach of the dietician. All respondents acknowledged the importance of a healthy diet. What they considered healthy was determined by culturally influenced ideas about health benefits of specific foods. Important hindrances for dietary change were lack of self-efficacy and social support. Social influences were experienced both as supportive and a hindrance. CONCLUSIONS: Migrant diabetic patients' opinions about healthy food are determined by culturally influenced ideas rather than by dietary guidelines. Dutch dietary care is not tailored to the needs of these patients and should take into account migrants' expectations, cultural differences in dietary habits and specifically address the role of family.