Extracorporeal Shock-Wave Lithotripsy and Endoscopy for the Treatment of Pain in Chronic Pancreatitis : A Sham-Controlled, Randomized Trial.

BACKGROUND: No randomized controlled trials have substantiated endoscopic decompression of the pancreatic duct in patients with painful chronic pancreatitis. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pain-relieving effect of pancreatic duct decompression in patients with chronic pancreatitis and intraductal stones. DESIGN: 24-week, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03966781). SETTING: Asian Institute of Gastroenterology in India from February 2021 to July 2022. PARTICIPANTS: 106 patients with chronic pancreatitis. INTERVENTION: Combined extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) compared with sham procedures. MEASUREMENTS: The primary end point was pain relief on a 0- to 10-point visual analog scale (VAS) at 12 weeks. Secondary outcomes were assessed after 12 and 24 weeks and included 30% pain relief, opioid use, pain-free days, questionaries, and complications to interventions. RESULTS: 52 patients in the ESWL/ERP group and 54 in the sham group were included. At 12 weeks, the ESWL/ERP group showed better pain relief compared with the sham group (mean difference in change, -0.7 [95% CI, -1.3 to 0] on the VAS; P = 0.039). The difference between groups was not sustained at the 24-week follow-up, and no differences were seen for 30% pain relief at 12- or 24-week follow-up. The number of pain-free days was increased (median difference, 16.2 days [CI, 3.9 to 28.5 days]), and the number of days using opioids was reduced (median difference, -5.4 days [CI, -9.9 to -0.9 days]) in the ESWL/ERP group compared with the sham group at 12-week follow-up. Safety outcomes were similar between groups. LIMITATION: Single-center study and limited duration of follow-up. CONCLUSION: In patients with chronic pancreatitis and intraductal stones, ESWL with ERP provided modest short-term pain relief. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Asian Institute of Gastroenterology and Aalborg University Hospital.

Application of machine-learning model to optimize colonic adenoma detection in India.

AIMS: There is limited data on the prevalence and risk factors of colonic adenoma from the Indian sub-continent. We aimed at developing a machine-learning model to optimize colonic adenoma detection in a prospective cohort. METHODS: All consecutive adult patients undergoing diagnostic colonoscopy were enrolled between October 2020 and November 2022. Patients with a high risk of colonic adenoma were excluded. The predictive model was developed using the gradient-boosting machine (GBM)-learning method. The GBM model was optimized further by adjusting the learning rate and the number of trees and 10-fold cross-validation. RESULTS: Total 10,320 patients (mean age 45.18 ± 14.82 years; 69% men) were included in the study. In the overall population, 1152 (11.2%) patients had at least one adenoma. In patients with age > 50 years, hospital-based adenoma prevalence was 19.5% (808/4144). The area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) (SD) of the logistic regression model was 72.55% (4.91), while the AUCs for deep learning, decision tree, random forest and gradient-boosted tree model were 76.25% (4.22%), 65.95% (4.01%), 79.38% (4.91%) and 84.76% (2.86%), respectively. After model optimization and cross-validation, the AUC of the gradient-boosted tree model has increased to 92.2% (1.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Machine-learning models may predict colorectal adenoma more accurately than logistic regression. A machine-learning model may help optimize the use of colonoscopy to prevent colorectal cancers. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT04512729).

Biflanged metal stents versus plastic stents in the endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage of walled-off necrosis: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: Endoscopic ultrasound(EUS) guided drainage of walled off necrosis(WON) with either plastic stents or metal stents is the mainstay of WON management. This is a single center randomized controlled study evaluating the efficacy of bi-flanged metal stent(BFMS) and plastic stents for WON drainage. DESIGN: Patients with symptomatic WON amenable for EUS guided drainage were randomized to either BFMS or plastic stents. Primary outcome was reintervention free clinical success at 4 weeks. Secondary outcomes were overall clinical success(complete resolution of symptoms and significant reduction in size of WON (<50% of original size and <5 cm largest diameter size at 4-week follow-up)), number of re-interventions, adverse events, hospital stay for first admission and medium term outcomes at 6 months (recurrence, disconnected pancreatic duct, chronic pancreatitis and new onset diabetes mellitus). RESULTS: 92 patients were randomized - 46 in each arm. The reintervention free clinical success was significantly higher in BFMS group(67.4% vs 43.5%; P: 0.021; ITT analysis). Overall clinical success at one month was similar in both groups. There were significantly lower number of reinterventions (median 0(IQR 0-1) vs 1(0-2) P:0.028)and hospital stay duration in BFMS group(7.04 ± 3.36 days vs 9.09 ± 5.53 days; P:0.035). There was no difference in procedure-related adverse events, mortality and medium-term outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The BFMS provides higher reintervention free clinical success at 4 weeks with shorter hospital stay without increased risk of adverse events compared to plastic stents for EUS-guided drainage of WON. Medium term outcomes are however similar in both BFMS, and plastics stents.

Myosteatosis for Early Detection of Muscle Disorder in Patients With Liver Cirrhosis.

Background and aims: Muscle disorders in cirrhosis are associated with poor outcome and need early identification. Anthropometric measures lack sensitivity, and CT-based L3-skeletal muscle Index (L3-SMI) may miss early sarcopenia. The study aimed to find if SM-RA can identify more patients with muscle disorder than L3-SMI and anthropometry. Methods: 388 patients with cirrhosis underwent nutritional assessment by anthropometry, short-physical-performance-battery (SPPB) < 9, L3-SMI (<36.5 cm2/m2 (males); <30.2 cm2/m2 (females), and myosteatosis assessment by skeletal muscle radiation attenuation (SM-RA) (<41 HU for body mass index [BMI] <24.9 kg/m2 and <33 HU for ≥25 kg/m2) and results were compared. Results: Sarcopenia based on SPPB was 38.9 % with scores (9 ± 1.48 vs. 10.74 ± 1.25, P = 0.001 in males; and 8.43 ± 1.59 vs. 9.89 ± 1.57, P = 0.001 in females). Mid-arm muscle circumference was lower in sarcopenic males [20.5 ± 2.42 vs. 22.9 ± 2.19 cm, P = 0.001] but not in females [19.4 ± 2.73 vs. 21.1 ± 2.51, P = 0.18]. L3-SMI-based sarcopenia was found in 44.8 % (additional 5.92 %) compared to SPPB, mostly in cryptogenic cirrhosis (19.2 % vs. 35.08 %, δ change +15.9 %). Myosteatosis (71.64 %) identified an additional 26.85 % and 32.74 % of patients with muscle disorder compared to L3SMI and SPPB, respectively, with the majority of new detection in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) 39.4 % vs. 77.06 %, δ change +37.66 %) CTP-A patients (16.6 % vs. 36.8 %, δ change +20.2 %). Myosteatosis was found in 48.3 % of patients with normal L3-SMI. Conclusion: SM-RA can identify more patients with muscle disorder than L3-SMI and SPPB.

Predictors of persistent pain after extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy for painful chronic calcific pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND: Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) and/or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) are recommended as first-line therapy for painful uncomplicated chronic pancreatitis with obstructed main pancreatic duct (MPD) in the pancreas head/body. However, predictors of pain relief after ESWL are unknown. We evaluated independent predictors of persistent pain in patients who underwent ESWL for chronic pancreatitis. METHODS: 640 consecutive adult patients with chronic pancreatitis, who underwent successful ESWL with ERCP and pancreatic duct (PD) stent placement, were followed for 12 months. The pain was assessed at baseline and at 12 months using the Izbicki Pain Score, with a score decrease of >50% considered pain relief. Independent predictors of pain relief were derived from logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Of 640 patients (mean age 36.71 [SD 12.19] years; 60.5% men), 436 (68.1%) had pain relief and 204 (31.9%) had persistent pain. On univariate analysis, older age, male sex, alcohol and tobacco intake, longer duration of symptoms, dilated MPD and MPD stricture were associated with persistent pain at 12 months (P<0.05). Consumption of alcohol (odds ratio [OR] 1.93, 95%CI 1.26-2.97), tobacco (OR 4.09, 95%CI 2.43-6.90), duration of symptoms (OR 1.02, 95%CI 1.01-1.04), MPD size (OR 1.22, 95%CI 1.11-1.33), and MPD stricture (OR 8.50, 95%CI 5.01-14.42) were independent predictors of persistent pain. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol, tobacco, duration of symptoms, MPD size and stricture were independent predictors of persistent pain after successful ESWL. A multidisciplinary team approach that includes behavioral therapy and surgical options should be considered for such patients.

Defining "true acid reflux" after peroral endoscopic myotomy for achalasia: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The symptoms of reflux in achalasia patients undergoing peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) are believed to result from gastroesophageal reflux, and the current treatment primarily focuses on acid suppression. Nevertheless, other factors such as nonreflux acidification caused by fermentation or stasis might play a role. This study aimed to identify patients with "true acid reflux" who actually require acid suppression and fundoplication. METHODS: In this prospective large cohort study, the primary objective was to assess the incidence and risk factors for true acid reflux in achalasia patients undergoing POEM. Acid reflux with normal and delayed clearance defined true acid reflux, whereas other patterns were labeled as nonreflux acidification patterns on manual analysis of pH tracings. These findings were corroborated with a symptom questionnaire, esophagogastroscopy, esophageal manometry, and timed barium esophagogram at 3 months after the POEM procedure. RESULTS: Fifty-four achalasia patients aged 18 to 80 years (mean age, 41.1 ± 12.8 years; 59.3% men; 90.7% with type II achalasia) underwent POEM, which resulted in a significant mean Eckardt score improvement (6.7 to 1.6, P < .05). True acid reflux was noted in 29.6% of patients as compared with 64.8% on automated analysis. Acid fermentation was the predominant acidification pattern seen in 42.7% of patients. On multivariable logistic regression analysis, increasing age (odds ratio, 1.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.27; P = .04) and preprocedural integrated relaxation pressure (IRP; odds ratio, 1.13; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.30; P = .02) were significantly associated with true acid reflux in patients after undergoing POEM. CONCLUSIONS: A manual review of pH tracings helps to identify true acid reflux in patients with achalasia after undergoing POEM. Preprocedural IRP can be a predictive factor in determining patients at risk for this outcome. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT04951739.).

A machine learning-based choledocholithiasis prediction tool to improve ERCP decision making: a proof-of-concept study.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies demonstrated limited accuracy of existing guidelines for predicting choledocholithiasis, leading to overutilization of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). More accurate stratification may improve patient selection for ERCP and allow use of lower-risk modalities. METHODS: A machine learning model was developed using patient information from two published cohort studies that evaluated performance of guidelines in predicting choledocholithiasis. Prediction models were developed using the gradient boosting model (GBM) machine learning method. GBM performance was evaluated using 10-fold cross-validation and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Important predictors of choledocholithiasis were identified based on relative importance in the GBM. RESULTS: 1378 patients (mean age 43.3 years; 61.2% female) were included in the GBM and 59.4% had choledocholithiasis. Eight variables were identified as predictors of choledocholithiasis. The GBM had accuracy of 71.5% (SD 2.5%) (AUC 0.79 [SD 0.06]) and performed better than the 2019 American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) guidelines (accuracy 62.4% [SD 2.6%]; AUC 0.63 [SD 0.03]) and European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) guidelines (accuracy 62.8% [SD 2.6%]; AUC 0.67 [SD 0.02]). The GBM correctly categorized 22% of patients directed to unnecessary ERCP by ASGE guidelines, and appropriately recommended as the next management step 48% of ERCPs incorrectly rejected by ESGE guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: A machine learning-based tool was created, providing real-time, personalized, objective probability of choledocholithiasis and ERCP recommendations. This more accurately directed ERCP use than existing ASGE and ESGE guidelines, and has the potential to reduce morbidity associated with ERCP or missed choledocholithiasis.

Conventional versus oblique fiber-sparing endoscopic myotomy for achalasia cardia: a randomized controlled trial (with videos).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: GERD is common after peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM). Selective sparing of oblique fibers may reduce the incidence of reflux esophagitis after POEM. In this study, we compared the incidence of GERD between conventional myotomy (CM) versus oblique fiber-sparing (OFS) myotomy in patients with achalasia. METHODS: Eligible patients with type I and II achalasia who underwent POEM from January 2020 to October 2020 were randomized into 2 groups (CM and OFS myotomy). Exclusion criteria were type III achalasia, sigmoid esophagus, and history of Heller's myotomy. The primary study outcome was incidence of reflux esophagitis (at least grade B) in the 2 groups. Secondary outcomes were reflux symptoms, esophageal acid exposure, clinical success, and adverse events. RESULTS: One hundred fifteen patients were randomized into CM (n = 58) and OFS myotomy (n = 57) groups. POEM was technically successful in all patients. Overall, reflux esophagitis was found in 56 patients (48.7%). The incidence of at least grade B esophagitis was similar in both groups (CM vs OFS myotomy: 25.9% vs 31.6%, P = .541). The mean number of reflux episodes (48.2 ± 36.6 vs 48.9 ± 40.3, P = .933), increased esophageal acid exposure >6% (45.5% vs 31.7%, P = .266), and high DeMeester scores (38.6% vs 41.5%, P = .827) were similar in both groups. There was no difference in the rate of symptomatic reflux (GERD questionnaire score >7) or use of proton pump inhibitors at 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: Sparing of sling fibers has no significant impact on the incidence of significant reflux esophagitis after POEM. Novel strategies need to be explored to prevent reflux after POEM. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT04229342.).

Diagnostic efficacy of endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy for diffuse liver diseases and its predictors - a multicentric retrospective analysis.

Aim of the study: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided liver biopsy (LB) has become an increasingly popular method of tissue acquisition for evaluating liver diseases. Despite its advantages, EUS-LB has not been widely adopted in clinical practice due to concerns regarding efficacy and safety. Present data on EUS-LB from India are scarce. We aimed to study the diagnostic outcome and safety of EUS-guided liver biopsy. Material and methods: This is a retrospective analysis of prospectively maintained data from January 2021 to October 2022 of consecutive patients undergoing EUS-LB at four tertiary care centers in India. The primary outcome was sample adequacy, while secondary outcomes were rate of successful pathological diagnoses and incidence of adverse events (AE). Results: A total of 74 patients (median age: 44.5 years, 50.0% males) were included. The majority of the patients underwent left-lobe biopsy (62/74, 83.7%), and a 19-G Franseen FNB needle was most commonly used (61/74, 82.4%). Wet heparin suction was used in most cases (60/74, 81.1%). There were five mild AEs observed (one case of self-limited bleeding and four cases of post-procedural pain). Adequate and optimal samples were obtained in 71 (95.9%) and 49 (66.2%) cases, with a conclusive diagnosis being made in 97.3% (72/74) of the patients. On multivariate analysis, the presence of ascites was a negative predictor of optimal sample (odds ratio [OR] = 0.128, 95% CI: 0.017-0.96). Conclusions: EUS-LB is a safe and viable alternative to percutaneous liver biopsy, achieving diagnosis in > 95% of cases. EUS-LB can be performed safely even in patients with mild ascites, although ascites reduces the chances of getting an optimal sample.

Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis in Asians: Current Perspectives and Future Directions.

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a subset of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which, apart from excess fat in the liver, may be characterised by some level of inflammatory infiltration and fibrogenesis, occasionally progressing to liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The objective of the current review is to elucidate the rising prevalence, the role of microbiome and genetics in pathogenesis, diagnostic challenges, and novel treatment alternatives for NASH. Newer diagnostic techniques are being developed since using liver biopsy in a larger population is not a reasonable option and is primarily restricted to clinical research, at least in developing countries. Besides these technical challenges, another important factor leading to deviation from guideline practice is the lack of health insurance coverage in countries like India. It leads to reluctance on the part of physicians and patients to delay required tests to curb out-of-pocket expenditure. There is no cure for NASH, with liver transplantation remaining the last option for those who progress to end-stage liver disease (ESLD) or are detected with early-stage HCC. Thus, lifestyle modification remains the only viable option for many, but compliance and long-term adherence remain major challenges. In obese individuals, bariatric surgery and weight reduction have shown favourable results. In patients with less severe obesity, endoscopic bariatric metabolic therapies (EBMT) are rapidly emerging as less invasive therapies. However, access and acceptability remain poor for these weight reduction methods. Therefore, intense research is being conducted for potential newer drug classes with several agents currently in phase II or III of clinical development. Some of these have demonstrated promising results, such as a reduction in hepatic fat content, and attenuation of fibrosis with an acceptable tolerability profile in phase II studies. The developments in the management of NASH have been fairly encouraging. Further well-designed long-term prospective studies should be undertaken to generate evidence with definitive results.

Small Bowel Capsule Endoscopy: Experience from a single large tertiary care centre.

Background and study aims Capsule endoscopy (CE) has transformed examination of the small bowel (SB), once considered a dark continent. The present study aimed to describe the indications, diagnostic yield, practical issues and complications of CE in one of the largest tertiary center in India. Patients and methods This retrospective analysis from a prospectively maintained database, conducted from January 2013 to June 2021 included 1155 CEs performed during this period. Patient medical records were reviewed for indications, results, and complications of CE. Results A total of 1154 patients (809 males and 345 females), mean age 53 years (range 6-87 years), one capsule got stuck in the esophagus, were included in the study. Active SB bleeding had no effect on SB transit time (324.7±161 minutes, n = 137 patients with active bleed vs 310.6±166.9 minutes, n = 1017 patients without active bleed; P = 0.35). The indication and diagnostic yield (DY) of CE were potential overt SB bleed (68.6% & 43.9%), potential occult SB bleed (8.2% and 40%), chronic diarrhea (7.9% and 28.4%), abdominal pain (6.5% and 21.3%), anemia (5.9% and 57.9%), and suspected/known case of Crohn's disease (2.3% & 56.5%) respectively. The DY for patients with age ≥60 years was similar to those with age < 60 years (61.9% vs. 51.8% respectively; P = 0.4). 21 patients (1.8%) had capsule retention of which six (0.5%) had to be referred for surgery. Conclusions CE is a safe and effective investigation with ever increasing range of indications. Potential SB bleed remains the most common indication for CE with high detection rate.

Review of paediatric obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-A focus on emerging non-pharmacologic treatment strategies.

Obesity in paediatrics has become one of the most serious public health concerns worldwide. Paediatric obesity leads to increased adult obesity and is associated with several comorbidities, both physical and psychological. Within gastroenterology, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now the most common cause of paediatric liver disease and the most common cause of liver transplantation in young adults. Treatment for NAFLD largely focuses on treatment of obesity with weight loss strategies. Unfortunately, the traditional method of weight loss using multicomponent lifestyle modification (dietary changes, increased exercise and behavioural modification) has often led to disappointing results. In adult patients with obesity, treatment strategies have evolved to include bariatric surgery and, more recently, bariatric endoscopy. In paediatrics, the obesity and NAFLD epidemics will likely require this variety of treatment to address children in a personalized manner. Here, we present a review of paediatric obesity, paediatric NAFLD and the various treatment strategies to date. We focus on non-pharmacologic and emerging therapies, including bariatric surgery and bariatric endoscopy-based treatments. With such a large population of children and adolescents with obesity, further development of these treatments, including paediatric-focused clinical trials, is essential for these emerging modalities.

A Randomized, Controlled Trial Comparing the Total Enteroscopy Rate and Diagnostic Efficacy of Novel Motorized Spiral Enteroscopy and Single-Balloon Enteroscopy in Patients With Small-Bowel Disorders: The Motor Trial (NCT 05548140).

INTRODUCTION: Device-assisted enteroscopy has revolutionized the management of small-bowel disorders (SBD). No study to date has compared both novel motorized spiral enteroscopy (NMSE) and single-balloon enteroscopy (SBE) as a randomized controlled trial. Hence, this study was planned to include patients having SBD with the primary aim to compare the total enteroscopy rate (TER). METHODS: This study was conducted at the Asian Institute of Gastroenterology (AIG Hospitals), Hyderabad, India, from September 20, 2022, to December 15, 2022. All consecutive patients, older than 18 years with suspected SBD, and planned for total enteroscopy were screened for inclusion. The primary outcome was to compare the TER, and secondary outcomes were to compare the technical success, time taken to reach the depth of maximal insertion, withdrawal time, total procedure time, diagnostic yield, therapeutic success, and adverse events (AE). RESULTS: Seventy-two patients of the 110 patients screened were randomized in either NMSE (n = 35) or SBE (n = 37) group. The most common indication for the procedures was obscure gastrointestinal bleed (48%), others being unexplained abdominal pain with indeterminate radiologic findings (32%) and chronic diarrhea (20%). In NMSE group, the TER was 71.4%, whereas in the SBE group, it was 10.8% ( P < 0.0001). The total procedure time (minutes) was much lesser with NMSE (58.17 ± 21.5 minutes) vs SBE (114.2 ± 33.5 minutes) ( P < 0.0001). The diagnostic yield of NMSE (80%) was comparatively higher than SBE (62.1%) ( P = 0.096). Minor AE (grade I) were observed in both the groups: NMSE 8.5% (3/35) and SBE 5.4% (2/37). DISCUSSION: This randomized controlled trial shows that with NMSE higher TER can be achieved in shorter duration with minimal AE, compared with SBE.

Midodrine versus Albumin to Prevent Paracentesis Induced Circulatory Dysfunction in Acute on Chronic Liver Failure Patients in the Outpatient Clinic-a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Paracentesis-induced circulatory disturbance (PICD) occurs in 12-20% of patients receiving human albumin for large-volume paracentesis, and can occur at lower than five liter paracentesis in acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). Albumin infusions are associated with higher costs and more prolonged daycare admissions. The aim of the study was to determine if oral midodrine-hydrochloride can prevent PICD in these patients by increasing the mean arterial pressure (MAP). Methods: This open-labeled randomized controlled trial included ACLF patients undergoing paracentesis between 3 and 5 L, who were randomized to receive either 20% human albumin or midodrine hydrochloride 7.5 mg thrice daily for three days, 2 h before paracentesis. MAP was recorded daily. The primary outcome was the plasma renin activity (PRA) on day six, and a 50% increase from baseline was considered PICD. Results: 183 consecutive patients of ACLF were screened, and 50 patients were randomized to either arms. Alcohol was the most common underlying cause of cirrhosis. On day 6, PRA was non-significantly (P = 0.056) higher in the midodrine group. The absolute change of PRA between the two groups was not significant (P = 0.093). Four (16%) patients in the albumin group and five (20%) in the midodrine group developed PICD. MAP increase was not different between the albumin and midodrine arms (P = 0.851). Midodrine was found to be more cost-effective. Conclusions: Three days of oral midodrine is as effective as a human-albumin infusion in preventing PICD in ACLF patients undergoing paracentesis lesser than that done in large volume paracentesis.

The Pattern of Alcohol Use in Alcohol-Related Cirrhosis in Indian Patients: AUDIT Indian Liver Study.

Background: Alcohol is one of the most common causes of liver cirrhosis. Yet, the pattern of alcohol consumption in cirrhosis is rarely studied. This study aims to study the drinking patterns along with the educational, socioeconomic, and mental health in a cohort of patients with and without liver cirrhosis. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary-care hospital and included patients with harmful drinking. Demographic, alcohol intake history, assessment of socioeconomic and psychological status by modified Kuppuswamy scale and Beckwith Inventory, respectively, were recorded and analyzed. Results: Cirrhosis was present in 38.31% of patients with heavy drinking (64%). Cirrhosis was more among illiterates (51.76%) with early onset (22.4. ± 7.30 yrs P = 0.0001) and longer duration of alcohol (12.5 ± 6.5 vs. 6.8 ± 3.4 P = 0.001). Higher education qualification was associated with lower cirrhosis (P < 0.0001). With the same employment and education qualifications, net income in cirrhosis was lower [USD 298 (175-435) vs. USD 386 (119-739) P = 0.0001]. Whiskey (86.8%) was the commonest drink consumed. Similar median alcoholic drinks per week were consumed by both groups [34 (22-41) vs. 30 (24-40), P = 0.625], while indigenous alcohol was more consumed in cirrhosis [105 (98.5-109.75) vs. 89.5.0 (69.25-110.0) P = 0.0001]. Loss of jobs (12.36%) and partner violence were more in cirrhotic (9.89% vs. 5.80%) with similar borderline depression. Conclusion: Alcohol use disorder-related cirrhosis is present in a quarter of patients with harmful early onset and longer duration of drinking and is inversely related to the education status and affects the socioeconomic, physical, and family health of patients.

Presence of pseudo-Kayser-Fleischer rings in patients without Wilson disease: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Kayser-Fleischer (KF) rings are due to copper deposition in Descemet membrane of the cornea in Wilson disease. Pseudo-KF ring (PKF), seen in patients with high bilirubin, is often misinterpreted as KF rings. These are bilirubin deposits in posterior corneal stroma. The aim of the study was to prospectively evaluate the presence of KF and PKF rings in Wilson disease and non-Wilsonian liver disease with serum bilirubin >5 mg/dL. METHODS: All patients referred from the hepatology unit with serum bilirubin >5 mg/dL were assessed by slit-lamp examination (SLE) and anterior segment optical coherence tomography at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months for differences in corneal deposits between KF and PKF rings. All other clinical, laboratory, radiological, genetic, and tissue diagnoses by liver biopsy were done as required to confirm the cause of liver disease. RESULTS: Among the 750 patients examined, corneal deposits were present in 13%, KF rings as granular deposits in 31.7%, and PKF as a posterior stromal hue in 68.3% of cases. PKF rings showed regression in 60%, disappearance in 36.6% at 3 months, and in 100% of cases at 6 months. KF ring showed regression in 10.7% and 8.3% until 6 months. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography identified KF ring as a hyperintense line on Descemet membrane in an additional 9.7% of patients compared with a scattered hyperintense hue in PKF rings. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of PKF rings in patients with jaundice is not uncommon and should be differentiated from true KF rings. Serial monitoring is essential to look for resolution, and anterior segment optical coherence tomography may be additionally helpful.

EUS-guided left lobe liver biopsy: Safer modality with similar diagnostic yield as right lobe: a pilot study.

Background and study aims Percutaneous liver biopsy is traditionally done on the right lobe of the liver. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy (EUS-LB) can be performed on either the left or right lobe or as a combined bi-lobar biopsy. Earlier studies did not compare the benefit of bi-lobar biopsies to single-lobe biopsy for reaching a tissue diagnosis. The current study compared the degree of agreement of pathological diagnosis between the left lobe of the liver compared to right-lobe and with bi-lobar biopsy. Patients and methods Fifty patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study. EUS-LB with a 22G core needle was performed separately on both the liver lobes. Three pathologists, who were blinded to the site of biopsy independently reviewed the liver biopsies. Sample adequacy, safety, and concordance of pathological diagnosis between left- and right-lobe biopsy of the liver were analyzed. Results The pathological diagnosis was made in 96 % of patients. Specimen lengths from the left lobe and the right lobe were 2.31 ±â€Š0.57 cm and 2.28 ±â€Š0.69 cm, respectively ( P  = 0.476). The respective number of portal tracts were 11.84 ±â€Š6.71 versus 9.58 ±â€Š7.14; P  = 0.106. Diagnosis between the two lobes showed substantial (κ = 0.830) concordance. Left-lobe (κ value 0.878) and right-lobe (κ = 0.903) biopsies showed no difference when compared with bi-lobar biopsies. Adverse events were observed in two patients, both of whom had biopsies of the right lobe. Conclusions EUS-guided left-lobe liver biopsy is safer than right-lobe biopsy with similar diagnostic yield.

Fractional Excretion of Sodium and Urea in Differentiating Acute Kidney Injury Phenotypes in Decompensated Cirrhosis.

Background: Prerenal acute kidney injury (prerenal AKI), hepatorenal syndrome (HRS-AKI), and acute tubular necrosis (ATN-AKI) are the various phenotypes of acute kidney injury, which are described in decompensated cirrhosis. It has therapeutic and prognostic implications. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic utility of fractional excretion of sodium and urea (FENa and FEUrea) for differentiating AKI phenotypes. Methods: A prospective analysis was performed in 200 patients with decompensated cirrhosis with AKI to derive receiver operating curve, optimal cut-off, sensitivity, and specificity. These findings were validated in an independent cohort (n = 50) to differentiate ATN-AKI, HRS-AKI, and prerenal AKI. Results: The incidence of prerenal AKI, HRS-AKI, and ATN-AKI were 37.5%, 34%, and 28.5% in the derivation cohort and 28%, 38%, and 34% in the validation cohort respectively. The median FENa was significantly different in various phenotypes of AKI in the derivation and validation cohort (P 0.001); FEUrea was significantly different in the derivation cohort (P 0.0001), not in the validation cohort (P 0.106). The AUC for FENa (cut-off, sensitivity/specificity) was 86.6% (0.567, 89/71) and for FEUrea was 60.3% (34.73, 70/58) for ATN-AKI vs. non-ATN-AKI. The area under the curve for FENa to differentiate between HRS-AKI vs. non-HRS-AKI was 74.5%. FEUrea could not differentiate HRS-AKI vs. non-HRS-AKI (AUC 60.4%) satisfactorily. FENa and FEUrea were unable to differentiate between prerenal AKI and HRS-AKI (AUC <70%). Conclusion: Among cirrhotics FENa at admission is a simple, commonly available clinical tool that can be used to differentiate structural AKI from prerenal AKI and HRS-AKI. The newly derived lowered cut-off value of FENa makes the diagnosis of ATN-AKI easier, faster and thus obviates the need for extensive workup in a significant proportion of patients. FENa appears better than FEUrea in decompensated cirrhosis with AKI.