Molecularly imprinted polymers for sensing/depleting human serum albumin (HSA): A critical review of recent advances and current challenges.

Human serum albumin (HSA) is an essential biomacromolecule in the blood circulatory system because it carries numerous molecules, including fatty acids (FAs), bilirubin, metal ions, hormones, and different pharmaceuticals, and plays a significant role in regulating blood osmotic pressure. Fluctuations in HSA levels in human biofluids, particularly urine and serum, are associated with several disorders, such as elevated blood pressure, diabetes mellitus (DM), liver dysfunction, and a wide range of renal diseases. Thus, the ability to quickly and accurately measure HSA levels is important for the rapid identification of these disorders in human populations. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), well known as artificial antibodies (Abs), have been extensively used for the quantitative detection of small molecules and macromolecules, especially HSA, in recent decades. This review highlights major challenges and recent developments in the application of MIPs to detect HSA in artificial and real samples. The fabrication and application of various MIPs for the depletion of HSA are also discussed, as well as different MIP preparation approaches and strategies for overcoming obstacles that hinder the development of MIPs with high efficiency and recognition capability for HSA determination/depletion.

The role of MAPK, notch and Wnt signaling pathways in papillary thyroid cancer: Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analyzing microarray datasets employing bioinformatics knowledge and literature.

Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is a prevalent kind of thyroid cancer (TC), with the risk of metastasis increasing faster than any other malignancy. So, understanding the role of PTC in pathogenesis requires studying the various gene expressions to find out which particular molecular biomarkers will be helpful. The authors conducted a comprehensive search on the PubMed microarray database and a meta-analysis approach on the remaining ones to determine the differentially expressed genes between PTC and normal tissues, along with the analyses of overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates in patients with PTC. We considered the associated genes with MAPK, Wnt, and Notch signaling pathways. Two GEO datasets have been included in this research, considering inclusion and exclusion criteria. Nineteen genes were found to have higher differences through the meta-analysis procedure. Among them, ten genes were upregulated, and nine genes were downregulated. The expression of 19 genes was examined using the GEPIA2 database, and the Kaplan-Meier plot statistics were used to analyze RFS and the OS rates. We discovered seven significant genes with the validation: PRICKLE1, KIT, RPS6KA5, GADD45B, FGFR2, FGF7, and DTX4. To further explain these findings, it was discovered that the mRNA expression levels of these seven genes and the remaining 12 genes were shown to be substantially linked with the results of the experimental literature investigations on the PTC. Our research found nineteen panels of genes that could be involved in the PTC progression and metastasis and the immune system infiltration of these cancers.

Preparation and Antiproliferative Activity Evaluation of Juglone-Loaded BSA Nanoparticles.

Purpose: Today, the discovery of novel and effective chemotherapeutic compounds is the main challenge in cancer therapy. In recent years, the anti-tumoral activity of natural naphthoquinone juglone (JUG), present in different parts of walnut trees, has received considerable interest. The purpose of the current study was to prepare and evaluate the in vitro antiproliferative activity of JUG-loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (JUG-BSA NPs). Methods: BSA NPs and JUG-BSA NPs were prepared using the desolvation technique. The NPs were characterized for their particle size (PS), zeta potential (ZP), drug loading (DL) capacity and encapsulation efficiency (EE). The anti-proliferative activity of JUG-BSA NPs was evaluated on A431 and HT29 cancer cell lines using cellular uptake and MTT assays. Results: The PS and ZP values of JUG-BSA NPs were 85 ± 6.55 nm and -29.6 mV, respectively. The DL capacity and EE were 3.7% to 5% and 50.4% to 94.6%, respectively. The cytotoxicity of JUG-BSA NPs was significantly less on both cultured A431 and HT29 cells at the studied concentrations when compared to free JUG. However, the effect was not very substantial, particularly at high levels. Conclusion: In conclusion, BSA NPs can be used as a suitable and safe carrier for the delivery of JUG, a cytotoxic hydrophobic natural compound.

The tricks for fighting against cancer using CAR NK cells: A review.

Natural killer (NK) cells seem to be the most common innate lymphocyte subtypes, and they're known for their ability to guide anti-tumor and anti-viral responses, making them potentially therapeutic. Since NK cells lack polymorphic clonotypic receptors, they must rely on inhibitory receptors to develop, mature, and distinguish between "self" and "non-self." In the clinic, genetically engineered immune cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) that consists of an extracellular antigen recognizing domain connected to an intracellular signaling domain have gained interest. The U.S. food and drug administration (FDA) approved two CAR-T cells, anti-CD19 CARs, for the treatment of relapsed/refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Nevertheless, CAR-T cell therapy is linked to a series of negative side effects, including fatal cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and tumor lysis syndrome (TLS), as well as a lack of regulatory control. CAR-transduced NK cells (CAR-NK) are thought to have many benefits, including clinical safety, the mechanisms by which they identify cancerous cells, and their abundance in clinical specimens, according to a growing number of studies. In pre-clinical and clinical trials, human primary NK cells and the NK-92 cell line were effectively transduced to express CARs against hematological cancers and solid tumors. Here, it is tried to summarize the development of CAR-NK cells, challenges and coping strategies, as well as managing the challenges and obstacles related to its protection, which promises to eliminate the shortcomings of conventional CARs.

Lateral flow assays (LFA) for detection of pathogenic bacteria: A small point-of-care platform for diagnosis of human infectious diseases.

Up-to-date diagnostics is globally improved by point-of-care testing (POCT) analysis and bedside research works. Development in POCT analysis has been provided mostly by forward-looking engineering technology for biosensing and sensing assessments. Lately, lateral flow assays (LFAs) have attracted a lot of interest as a result of their noteworthy benefits including cost-effectiveness, better portability, being operator friendly and rapid detection. This technique has been employed broadly for monitoring diverse biomarkers linked to ultrasensitive detection of pathogenic bacteria, ecological monitoring, consumer protection, and infectious diseases. LFA analyses established on qualitative and optical outcomes have boosted the objectivity and data efficiency of the assessments. Therefore, developing novel methods with the capability of providing reliable and quantitative information regarding a target analyte in a model and preserving the qualities of LFAs is of great necessity. In this review, the main principles of LFAs, challenges, and prospects for more development in this field in sensing pathogenic bacteria have been summarized. Subsequently, visually-read LFAs improvement to further progressive platforms have been explored by considering the prospects of this very flexible method for ultrasensitive detection of pathogenic bacteria. In addition, novel labeling methodologies, electrochemical and optical transducers are described. Also, recent developments in these detection methods elements in combination with other considered approaches have been highlighted.

State of the art: Lateral flow assays toward the point-of-care foodborne pathogenic bacteria detection in food samples.

Diverse chemicals and some physical phenomena recently introduced in nanotechnology have enabled scientists to develop useful devices in the field of food sciences. Concerning such developments, detecting foodborne pathogenic bacteria is now an important issue. These kinds of bacteria species have demonstrated severe health effects after consuming foods and high mortality related to acute cases. The most leading path of intoxication and infection has been through food matrices. Hence, quick recognition of foodborne bacteria agents at low concentrations has been required in current diagnostics. Lateral flow assays (LFAs) are one of the urgent and prevalently applied quick recognition methods that have been settled for recognizing diverse types of analytes. Thus, the present review has stressed on latest developments in LFAs-based platforms to detect various foodborne pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, Listeria, Escherichia coli, Brucella, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium botulinum, and Vibrio cholera. Proper prominence has been given on exactly how the labels, detection elements, or procedures have affected recent developments in the evaluation of diverse bacteria using LFAs. Additionally, the modifications in assays specificity and sensitivity consistent with applied food processing techniques have been discussed. Finally, a conclusion has been drawn for highlighting the main challenges confronted through this method and offered a view and insight of thoughts for its further development in the future.

Immobilization of α-amylase in ethylcellulose electrospun fibers using emulsion-electrospinning method.

α-Amylase encapsulated in water in oil (W/O) emulsion was prepared using poly ethylene glycol (PEG 10000) (2%w/v) as water phase and ethylcellulose (EC) in ethyl acetate as oil phase at the ratio of 10:90 v/v. Next, the electrospun fibers were prepared by mixing enzyme loaded emulsion with EC solution (20%w/v) in acetic acid/ethyl acetate (20:80 v/v) at the 2:1 ratio. The emulsion showed good physical stability. The immobilized enzyme showed high activity across a board range of pHs and temperatures. The storage stability of the immobilized enzyme was 2 fold of free enzyme activity after 45 days. The residual activity of immobilized α-amylase onto of fibers after 10 and 15 repeated cycles, was approximately 100% and 50%, respectively. The results of this study indicated that the α-amylase loaded EC fibers have acceptable activity against harsh conditions and excellent reusability.

Lateral flow assays (LFA) as an alternative medical diagnosis method for detection of virus species: The intertwine of nanotechnology with sensing strategies.

Viruses are responsible for multiple infections in humans that impose huge health burdens on individuals and populations worldwide. Therefore, numerous diagnostic methods and strategies have been developed for prevention, management, and decreasing the burden of viral diseases, each having its advantages and limitations. Viral infections are commonly detected using serological and nucleic acid-based methods. However, these conventional and clinical approaches have some limitations that can be resolved by implementing other detector devices. Therefore, the search for sensitive, selective, portable, and costless approaches as efficient alternative clinical methods for point of care testing (POCT) analysis has gained much attention in recent years. POCT is one of the ultimate goals in virus detection, and thus, the tests need to be rapid, specific, sensitive, accessible, and user-friendly. In this review, after a brief overview of viruses and their characteristics, the conventional viral detection methods, the clinical approaches, and their advantages and shortcomings are firstly explained. Then, LFA systems working principles, benefits, classification are discussed. Furthermore, the studies regarding designing and employing LFAs in diagnosing different types of viruses, especially SARS-CoV-2 as a main concern worldwide and innovations in the LFAs' approaches and designs, are comprehensively discussed here. Furthermore, several strategies addressed in some studies for overcoming LFA limitations like low sensitivity are reviewed. Numerous techniques are adopted to increase sensitivity and perform quantitative detection. Employing several visualization methods, using different labeling reporters, integrating LFAs with other detection methods to benefit from both LFA and the integrated detection device advantages, and designing unique membranes to increase reagent reactivity, are some of the approaches that are highlighted.

Fabrication and characterization of novel antibacterial chitosan/dialdehyde guar gum hydrogels containing pomegranate peel extract for active food packaging application.

This study aimed to investigate synthesis and structural characteristics of the chitosan (CS) - modified dialdehyde guar gum (DAGG) hydrogel through the Schiff base reaction. The highest swelling capacity was achieved as about 12,000% of dry weight of the freeze-dried powder at CS: DAGG hydrogel with the mixing ratio of 30:70. The swelling ratio was not affected by changes in pH, which could be considered as an important property in the control of moisture in absorbent pad. The FTIR results indicated that the new amide groups have been formed at 1680 cm-1, which can be attributed to the covalent bond between the amide groups of CS and the aldehyde groups of GG. Based on a SEM image, the prepared hydrogel showed the porous structure so it verified the crosslinking formation between the two polymers. Rheological analyses confirmed that formation compact and porous structure led to some noteworthy improvements in the strength of hydrogel prepared with a high ratio of DAGG. The hydrogel loaded with 5% pomegranate peel extract (PPE) showed both good antioxidant (81.13%) and antimicrobial activities. The hydrogel was observed to have a good potential to be used as an antibacterial pad.

Horizontal Gene Transfer: From Evolutionary Flexibility to Disease Progression.

Flexibility in the exchange of genetic material takes place between different organisms of the same or different species. This phenomenon is known to play a key role in the genetic, physiological, and ecological performance of the host. Exchange of genetic materials can cause both beneficial and/or adverse biological consequences. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or lateral gene transfer (LGT) as a general mechanism leads to biodiversity and biological innovations in nature. HGT mediators are one of the genetic engineering tools used for selective introduction of desired changes in the genome for gene/cell therapy purposes. HGT, however, is crucial in development, emergence, and recurrence of various human-related diseases, such as cancer, genetic-, metabolic-, and neurodegenerative disorders and can negatively affect the therapeutic outcome by promoting resistant forms or disrupting the performance of genome editing toolkits. Because of the importance of HGT and its vital physio- and pathological roles, here the variety of HGT mechanisms are reviewed, ranging from extracellular vesicles (EVs) and nanotubes in prokaryotes to cell-free DNA and apoptotic bodies in eukaryotes. Next, we argue that HGT plays a role both in the development of useful features and in pathological states associated with emerging and recurrent forms of the disease. A better understanding of the different HGT mediators and their genome-altering effects/potentials may pave the way for the development of more effective therapeutic and diagnostic regimes.

Recent advances in the use of walnut (Juglans regia L.) shell as a valuable plant-based bio-sorbent for the removal of hazardous materials.

The effective use of agricultural by-products is definitely a major challenge in waste management. In the walnut fruit processing industry, large amounts of shells are produced as agricultural by-products and discarded or burned produced as fuel. Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is a valuable tree nut in the Juglandaceae family. The fruit is composed of four main parts: the kernel, the skin, the shell, and the husk. The importance of walnuts is mostly related to theirs valuable kernels. However, their shells are currently experiencing as much interest as their kernels due to the beneficial effects of the shells. In the past several years, walnut shell (WS) has been widely explored as a naturally inert plant-based biosorbent. In this review, we first highlight recent scientific literature regarding the development of adsorbents from WS in the form of carbon-based materials including unmodified/modified WS, and activated carbons (ACs). Next, we discuss the potential applications of WS-derived by-products as natural yet effective adsorbents for the removal of various hazardous materials including heavy metals (HMs), synthetic industrial dyes, and harmful chemicals.

Latest developments in the detection and separation of bovine serum albumin using molecularly imprinted polymers.

Recently, enormous attention has been focused on the development of protein-molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). In this sense, bovine serum albumin (BSA) is well regarded as a favorite template in various MIPs-based biochemical/analytical assays mainly due to its low price, easy availability, and high structural homology to human serum albumin (HSA). Equally, the implications of BSA in the pathology of different human-related disorders necessitate the development of methods for its precise detection in biological samples. Accordingly, the current review seeks to provide an update on the design, synthesis, and characterization of the developed MIPs which have used BSA as template protein. Also, the recognition and quantification of BSA in different real samples using the prepared MIPs are discussed. Additionally, main strategies, such as surface imprinting, epitope-MIPs, microcontact imprinting and other methods to overcome the problems associated with the molecular printing of BSA are discussed here. The final discussion provides a comparative exploration of different approaches developed, emphasizing their relative advantages and disadvantages and underlining developments and possible future directions.

Static DNA Nanostructures For Cancer Theranostics: Recent Progress In Design And Applications.

Among the various nano/biomaterials used in cancer treatment, the beauty and benefits of DNA nanocomposites are outstanding. The specificity and programmability of the base pairing of DNA strands, together with their ability to conjugate with different types of functionalities have realized unsurpassed potential for the production of two- and three-dimensional nano-sized structures in any shape, size, surface chemistry and functionality. This review aims to provide an insight into the diversity of static DNA nanodevices, including DNA origami, DNA polyhedra, DNA origami arrays and bioreactors, DNA nanoswitch, DNA nanoflower, hydrogel and dendrimer as young but promising platforms for cancer theranostics. The utility and potential of the individual formats in biomedical science and especially in cancer therapy will be discussed.

Dynamic DNA nanostructures in biomedicine: Beauty, utility and limits.

DNA composite materials are at the forefront, especially for biomedical science, as they can increase the efficacy and safety of current therapies and drug delivery systems. The specificity and predictability of the Watson-Crick base pairing make DNA an excellent building material for the production of programmable and multifunctional objects. In addition, the principle of nucleic acid hybridization can be applied to realize mobile nanostructures, such as those reflected in DNA walkers that sort and collect cargo on DNA tracks, DNA robots performing tasks within living cells and/or DNA tweezers as ultra-sensitive biosensors. In this review, we present the diversity of dynamic DNA nanostructures functionalized with different biomolecules/functional units, imaging smart biomaterials capable of sensing, interacting, delivery and performing complex tasks within living cells/organisms.

Tumor Cell Dormancy: Threat or Opportunity in the Fight against Cancer.

Tumor dormancy, a clinically undetectable state of cancer, makes a major contribution to the development of multidrug resistance (MDR), minimum residual disease (MRD), tumor outgrowth, cancer relapse, and metastasis. Despite its high incidence, the whole picture of dormancy-regulated molecular programs is far from clear. That is, it is unknown when and which dormant cells will resume proliferation causing late relapse, and which will remain asymptomatic and harmless to their hosts. Thus, identification of dormancy-related culprits and understanding their roles can help predict cancer prognosis and may increase the probability of timely therapeutic intervention for the desired outcome. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the dormancy-dictated molecular mechanisms, including angiogenic switch, immune escape, cancer stem cells, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, metabolic reprogramming, miRNAs, epigenetic modifications, and stress-induced p38 signaling pathways. Further, we analyze the possibility of leveraging these dormancy-related molecular cues to outmaneuver cancer and discuss the implications of such approaches in cancer treatment.

A Comprehensive Review on the Chemical Constituents and Functional Uses of Walnut (Juglans spp.) Husk.

The walnut (Juglans spp.) is an appreciated nut that belongs to the Juglandaceae family. The fruit includes four main parts: the kernel, the skin, the shell, and the green husk. It is widely cultivated due to its edible kernel. In walnut production centers, high amounts of the husk as an agro-forest waste product are produced and discarded away. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the walnut green husk could be valued as a source of different natural bioactive compounds with excellent antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Regarding this respect, in this contribution, the current scientific knowledge on the antioxidant and antiradical activities, various identified and isolated individual chemical constituents, as well as the functional applications of the walnut husk with more emphasis on the Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) are reviewed.

Recent developments in the detection of bovine serum albumin.

Albumin is a globular protein which plays a pivotal role in maintaining plasma pressure and the nutritional balance. Different compounds are transported by binding to albumin in the blood. Also, human health is closely related to the serum albumin concentration in blood plasma or other biological fluids. Due to the high structural similarity with human serum albumin (HSA), bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been widely investigated as a model protein in different fields. Importantly, albumin detection has recently gained huge interest, as this protein serves as an important indicator of cow health, and its milk and meat quality. Also, it is also known as an allergenic and a carrier protein. As a result, it is highly essential to determine bovine albumin in various industries, such as medicine, pharmaceutical, clinical and food. Therefore, the development of new, efficient, fast and straightforward methods for selective detection of BSA is critical. This review seeks to highlight different characteristics of BSA and its importance. Then, by focusing on recent developments made in the last two decades in BSA biosensing and determination methods, the use of different biomaterials/nanomaterials is discussed.

A Comparative Review on the Extraction, Antioxidant Content and Antioxidant Potential of Different Parts of Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Fruit and Tree.

As a valuable tree nut, walnut is a well-known member of the Juglandaceae family. The fruit is made up of an outer green shell cover or husk, the middle shell which must be cracked to release the kernel, a thin layer known as skin or the seed coat, and finally, the kernel or meat. The nutritional importance of walnut fruit is ascribed to its kernel. The shell and husk are burned as fuel or discarded away as waste products. In the past two decades, the evaluation of the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of different parts of walnut has received great interest. In this contribution, the recent reports on the extraction and quantification of phenolic content from each part of the walnut tree and fruit using different solvents were highlighted and comparatively reviewed. The current review paper also tries to describe the antioxidant content of phenolic extracts obtained from different parts of the walnut tree and fruit. Additionally, the antioxidant and antiradical activities of the prepared extracts have also been discussed.

Implications of resistin in type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease: Impairing insulin function and inducing pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic and chronic disorder, which is very common all over the world. Many genetic and nongenetic factors are involved in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Meanwhile, the resistin gene is an important candidate in the pathogenesis of this complex condition. High levels of transcription of the resistin gene are associated with inflammation, insulin resistance, initiation and development of T2DM and atherosclerosis progression through induction of secretion of bioactive materials from adipocytes. Releasing adipose tissue-derived inflammatory cytokines is associated with inflammatory processes activation, which causes inhibition of insulin action via interference with insulin signaling, such that these disorders can contribute to insulin resistance. With the direct effect of resistin and other inflammatory mediators on vascular endothelial cells and arterial walls, the expression of cell adhesion molecules is increased. This process can lead to atherosclerosis and will result in coronary artery disease (CAD). In this review, we will explore the effects of resistin on inflammation and insulin resistance that may lead to type 2 diabetes and CAD.

Characterizing the interaction between pyrogallol and human serum albumin by spectroscopic and molecular docking methods.

In the present study, the interaction of Pyrogallol (PG) with human serum albumin (HSA) was investigated by UV, fluorescence, Circular dichroism (CD), and molecular docking methods. The results of fluorescence experiments showed that the quenching of intrinsic fluorescence of HSA by PG was due to a static quenching. The calculated binding constants (K) for PG-HSA at different temperatures were in the order of 104 M -1, and the corresponding numbers of binding sites, n were approximately equal to unity. The thermodynamic parameters, ΔH and ΔS were calculated to be negative, which indicated that the interaction of PG with HSA was driven mainly by van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds. The negative value was obtained for ΔG showed that the reaction was spontaneous. In addition, the effect of PG on the secondary structure of HSA was analyzed by performing UV-vis, synchronous fluorescence, and CD experiments. The results indicated that PG induced conformational changes in the structure of HSA. According to Förster no-radiation energy transfer theory, the binding distance of HSA to PG was calculated to be 1.93 nm. The results of molecular docking calculations clarified the binding mode and the binding sites which were in good agreement with the results of experiments. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.