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Int J Nanomedicine ; 15: 1005-1020, 2020.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32103953

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to prepare zeolite/iron (III) oxide nanocomposites (zeolite/Fe2O3-NCs) as a smart fertilizer to improve crop yield and soil productivity. METHODS: Zeolite/Fe2O3-NCs were successfully produced by loading of Fe2O3-NPs onto the zeolite surface using a quick green precipitation method. The production of zeolite/Fe2O3 nanocomposites was performed under a mild condition using environmentally friendly raw materials as a new green chemistry method. The product was characterized using several techniques such as near and far Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS: The results confirmed the formation of Fe2O3-NPs with mean particle sizes of 1.45, 2.19, and 2.20 nm on the surface of the zeolite per amount of 4, 7 and 12 wt% Fe2O3-NPs, respectively. Such results indicated that the size of the Fe2O3-NPs did not significantly change when Fe amounts increased from 7 to 12 wt% for the zeolite/Fe2O3-NCs. In terms of medical applications, in vitro cell studies demonstrated that zeolites and zeolite/Fe2O3-NCs were generally non-toxic to human fibroblast cells and significantly pernicious to human malignant melanoma cells. From MTS cytotoxicity assays, the concentration of Fe2O3 within the zeolite/Fe2O3-NCs that was effective at inhibiting the growth of malignant melanoma cells by 50% (the IC50 value) was ~14.9 wt%. The three types of nanocomposites were further tested as an iron smart nanofertilizer for the slow-release of iron ions. CONCLUSION: Advantages of this project include the production of non-toxic nanocomposites as a smart fertilizer to develop crops while the reaction involves the use of commercial and natural materials as low-cost raw materials with low energy usage due to a mild reaction condition, as well as the use of an environmentally friendly solvent (water) with no toxic residues.


Subject(s)
Ferric Compounds/chemistry , Fertilizers , Nanocomposites/chemistry , Zeolites/chemistry , Cell Line , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Fertilizers/toxicity , Fibroblasts/drug effects , Green Chemistry Technology , Humans , Iron/pharmacokinetics , Melanoma/drug therapy , Melanoma/pathology , Microscopy, Electron, Transmission , Nanocomposites/toxicity , Particle Size , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared , X-Ray Diffraction
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