ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: External ventricular drains (EVDs) are valuable adjuncts in the management of neurosurgical patients but are associated with a significant risk of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) infection (range, 0% to 27%); a review of 23 studies reported a mean of 8.8%. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different antibiotic-impregnated EVD catheters in preventing CSF infections. METHODS: Patients were prospectively enrolled in an Institutional Review Board-approved study. During alternating 3-month periods, all patients received either a minocycline/rifampin-impregnated (M/R) ventricular catheter or a clindamycin/rifampin-impregnated (C/R) EVD catheter. CSF cultures were collected at the time of insertion and twice weekly. Positive cultures were defined a priori as growth of the same bacteria on 2 media (eg, blood agar and broth) or 2 cultures of the same bacteria on 1 medium (eg, broth). RESULTS: Altogether, 129 patients (mean age, 58.4 years; 55 male) received 65 C/R catheters and 64 M/R catheters. The most common indications for EVD placement were aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (48.1%), spontaneous intraparenchymal hemorrhage (13.2%), and tumor (11.6%). The mean duration of ventriculostomy drainage was 11.8 and 12.7 days in the C/R and M/R groups, respectively. No positive CSF cultures were identified in either cohort. CONCLUSIONS: The use of antibiotic-impregnated catheters was associated with an extremely low risk of CSF infection compared with the reported mean of nearly 9% for standard EVD catheters. Infection rates for both C/R and M/R EVD catheters were zero. These results support the use of antibiotic-impregnated EVD catheters in routine clinical practice.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Central Nervous System Infections/prevention & control , Clindamycin/administration & dosage , Minocycline/administration & dosage , Rifampin/administration & dosage , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Catheters, Indwelling/microbiology , Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts/methods , Drug Combinations , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Ventriculostomy/adverse effects , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Multiple sources document a higher proportion of intraparenchymal hemorrhage (HEM) in Hispanic (HIS) than white (WHI) patients with stroke. We sought an explanation for this phenomenon through analysis of multiple variables in our hospital-based stroke population. METHODS: We performed univariate and multivariate analysis of risk factors in our HIS and WHI patients with stroke to identify differences that might account for a greater propensity for HEM in HIS patients. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis disclosed that the risk of HEM correlated significantly with untreated hypertension (HTN), HIS ethnicity, and heavy alcohol intake. A negative correlation was found for hyperlipidemia and diabetes. Our HIS patients with stroke had a greater prevalence of untreated HTN and heavy alcohol intake, with HIS men being at greatest risk. CONCLUSIONS: HIS patients with stroke in our hospital-based population appear relatively more prone to HEM than do WHI patients. This risk correlates with a greater likelihood of having untreated HTN and heavy alcohol intake, more so for HIS men. The explanation appears to be a relative lack of health awareness and involvement in our health care system. The possibility that HIS ethnicity itself constitutes a biological risk factor for HEM remains a matter of speculation. Validation of this work with community data should lead to remediation through a community-based effort.
Subject(s)
Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects , Cerebral Hemorrhage/ethnology , Hispanic or Latino/statistics & numerical data , Hypertension/complications , Stroke/ethnology , White People/statistics & numerical data , Age Factors , Aged , Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology , Arizona/epidemiology , Cerebral Hemorrhage/complications , Cerebral Hemorrhage/etiology , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology , Female , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Health Services Accessibility , Health Surveys , Hospitals/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Hyperlipidemias/epidemiology , Hypertension/epidemiology , Male , Prevalence , Reproducibility of Results , Research Design , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Sex Factors , Stroke/etiologyABSTRACT
The prevalence and clinical characteristics of mesial temporal sclerosis have not been well studied in children. All brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reports of children less than 14 years of age were reviewed from two tertiary institutions. A 52-month period from one institution and a 37-month period from the other were reviewed. All reports of definite or possible mesial temporal sclerosis were noted. These patients' MRIs were then reviewed to confirm the MRI diagnostic criteria of mesial temporal sclerosis. The charts of the patients who satisfied these criteria were reviewed in detail. Three thousand one hundred brain MRI reports were reviewed. Twenty-six reports of mesial temporal sclerosis were found. Twenty-four of the 26 films satisfied the criteria of mesial temporal sclerosis by MRI after the films were reviewed. The prevalence among all pediatric brain MRI studies was 0.77%. All patients had presented with seizures, that is, there were no "incidental" findings of mesial temporal sclerosis. Four patients had a history of febrile seizures. Mesial temporal sclerosis is an uncommon finding in children, but when it occurs, it is always associated with epilepsy. Asymptomatic mesial temporal sclerosis or mesial temporal sclerosis not associated with a seizure disorder did not occur in our series. Febrile seizures can occur in association with mesial temporal sclerosis presenting in childhood.
