The effect of pentoxifylline and different types of exercise training on coagulation factors in a rat endometriosis model.

Objectives: This study evaluated the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), and pentoxifylline (PTX) on coagulation factors, including the amount and percentage of lymphocytes, PLC, PLR, aPTT, PT, PT.I.N. R in a model of rats with endometriosis. Methods: Endometriosis was surgically induced in female Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats with confirmed endometrial implants were divided into control, MICT, pentoxifylline (D), HIIT+D, and MICT+D, HIIT groups. D and exercise interventions were performed for eight weeks. Then, the macroscopic size of endometriosis lesions was measured, and inflammatory factors (count and percentage of lymphocytes) and coagulation factors, including PLC, PLR, aPTT, PT, PT.I.N. R, and PLR in blood samples were evaluated. Results: D significantly decreased the volume of lesions and significantly increased PT and PT.I.N. R in blood. HIIT decreased the volume of lesions and significantly increased PT. MICT did not cause significant effects on the target variables. MICT+D decreased the volume of lesions. HIIT+D significantly decreased the volume of lesions and PLC and increased aPTT as well as the count and percentage of lymphocytes, PT, and PT.I.N. R, and decreased PLR. Conclusions: All interventions(except for MICT) especially HIIT+D and D by priority, induced a significant effect on reducing some indices of inflammation and coagulation.

High intensity interval training is superior to moderate intensity continuous training in enhancing the anti-inflammatory and apoptotic effect of pentoxifylline in the rat model of endometriosis.

This study investigated the effects of pentoxifylline (PTX), high intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) separately and in combination, on inflammatory and apoptotic pathways in the rat model of induced endometriosis. Endometriosis was induced through surgery on female Sprague-Dawley rats. Six weeks after the first surgery, the second look laparotomy was performed. After induction of endometriosis in rats, they were divided into control, MICT, PTX, MICT+ PTX, HIIT, HIIT+PTX groups. Two weeks after the second look laparotomy, PTX and exercise training interventions were performed for eight weeks. Endometriosis lesions were assessed histologically. Proteins content of the NF-κB, PCNA and Bcl-2 were measured by immunoblotting and genes expression of the TNF-α and VEGF were measured by Real-time PCR methods. Findings of the study indicated that, PTX significantly decreased volume and histological grading of lesions, proteins of NF-κB and Bcl-2; and genes expression of the TNF-α, and VEGF in lesions. HIIT significantly decreased volume and histological grading of lesions, NF-κB, TNF-α and VEGF in lesions. MICT did not induce any significant effect on the study variables. Although, MICT+PTX decreased significantly volume and histological grading of lesions, as well as NF-κB, and Bcl-2 in lesions, however, these factors were not significantly different with the PTX group. HIIT+PTX decreased significantly all of the study variables compared to other interventions, except for VEGF when compared to PTX. In summary, combination of PTX and HIIT can induce enhancing effect on suppression of endometriosis through suppressing inflammation, angiogenesis, and proliferation and enhancing apoptosis.

Immunoinflammatory Response to Acute Noise Stress in Male Rats Adapted with Different Exercise Training.

Objective: Noise pollution is a kind of stress that impairs various physiological functions. This study evaluated the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MCT) on corticosterone, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and monocyte responses to acute noise stress in male rats. Design: Forty-two male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups, including control which was assessed at the beginning, control time which was assessed simultaneously with experimental groups (CT), HIIT, MCT, HIIT followed by noise stress (HIIT+S), MCT followed by noise stress (MCT+S), and noise stress. HIIT and MCT were performed for 8 weeks. Noise stress was induced for one session. Blood samples were taken 48 hours after the last exercise session in training and CT groups and immediately after acute noise stress in stress groups of HIIT+S, MCT+S, and noise stress. Results: In response to acute noise stress, MCT and HIIT adaptations increased corticosterone, while reduced monocytes compared to CT. MCT increased basal corticosterone and IL-6 and decreased monocytes; however, in response to acute noise stress, corticosterone was higher and monocyte count was lower in the HIIT+S group. Regarding the effect of training, corticosterone and monocytes in MCT were higher than in HIIT. The serum level of IL-6 was lower in MCT than CT group, while it was not significantly different between stress groups. Conclusion: In response to noise stress, previous exercise, especially HIIT, increased stress while did not increase inflammatory and innate immune response.

The Effects of Exercise on Cerebellar Growth-Associated Protein 43 and Adenylyl Cyclase- Associated Protein 1 Gene Expression and Proteins in Diabetic-Induced Neuropathy and Healthy Male Wistar Rats.

BACKGROUND: The effect of exercise on the cerebellum cells in diabetic-induced neuropathy and healthy situations is not clear yet. Growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) and adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1 (CAP-1) proteins can restore nerve cells. This study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on GAP-43 and CAP-1 and their mRNA in the cerebellar tissue of diabetic-induced neuropathy and healthy Wistar rats. METHODS: Around 40 healthy male Wistar rats with a mean weight of 271 ± 11.2 g were divided randomly into four groups; healthy aerobic exercise, diabetic-aerobic exercise, healthy-control, and diabetic-control. The exercise group performed aerobic exercise 5 days per week for 6 weeks. RESULTS: Exercise increased CAP1 protein in the cerebellum tissue of healthy (P = 0.002) and diabetic (P = 0.002) groups compared with matched control groups. The effect of exercise on CAP1 was greater in diabetic compared with the healthy group (P = 0.002). The expression of CAP1 mRNA in the cerebellum was higher in the healthy exercise compared with the healthy control group (P = 0.002) and in the healthy exercise compared with the diabetic exercise group (P = 0.026). GAP43 protein was lower in the healthy exercise compared with the healthy control group (P = 0.002) while it was higher in diabetic exercise compared to the healthy exercise group (P = 0.002). Expression of GAP43 mRNA in the cerebellum was higher in the healthy (P = 0.002) and diabetic (P = 0.002) exercise groups compared to non-exercise matched groups and in the diabetic control group compared with the healthy control group (P = 0.002). Exercise improved latency in diabetic (P = 0.001) and healthy exercise groups (P = 0.02). No significant difference was found in blood glucose between exercise and control groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Exercise improved cerebellar functions in healthy and diabetic rats, probably mediating by CAP1 protein, even without changing blood glucose.

The effect of exercise on interferon gamma, body fat and bmi of kidney transplant patients / Efeito do exercício sobre interferon gama, gordura corporal e imc em pacientes com transplante renal / Efecto del ejercicio sobre el interferón gamma y el imc de los pacientes con trasplante de riñón

INTRODUCTION: Poor physical function and obesity are well documented in kidney transplant patients. Significant health benefits result from regular physical activity, many of which are important for kidney transplant patients. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 10-week combined exercises on Interferon Gamma (IFNγ), body fat percentage (BF%) and body mass index (BMI) in kidney transplant patients. METHOD: In a randomized controlled experimental design, 44 kidney transplant patients aged 20-50 years were randomly divided into two groups of exercise (n=23) and control (n=21). The exercise group participated in a cumulative training program for 10 weeks, three days a week, 60­90 minutes per day at 40-65% of predicted maximal heart rate reserve. A 5 ml venous blood sample and anthropometric parameters were taken from the subjects at baseline and after 10 weeks. RESULTS: The exercise group showed an improvement in BF% (from 31.80±5.64 to 28.86 ± 5.82, p =0.001) and BMI (from 26.23 ± 1.81 to 25.45 ± 2.11, p = 0.001), but there was no significant change in the IFNγ level (from 0.06 ± 0.02 to 0.06 ± 0.02, p = 0.829). There was a significant difference between the control and exercise groups for BF% (p = 0.001) and BMI (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: As a take-home message, it should be mentioned that combined exercise intervention is inexpensive and portable and can be performed at home or health centers for kidney transplant patients to reduce their weight and BF%. Evidence Level I; High quality randomized trial with or without statistically significant difference, but with narrow confidence intervals.

INTRODUÇÃO: A função física deficiente e a obesidade são bem documentadas em pacientes com transplante renal. A atividade física regular resulta em benefícios significativos para a saúde, muitos dos quais são importantes para os pacientes com transplante de rim. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos de 10 semanas de exercícios combinados sobre interferon gama (IFN-γ), percentual de gordura corporal (GC) e índice de massa corporal (IMC) nesses pacientes. MÉTODOS: Em um estudo randomizado experimental controlado, 44 pacientes com transplante renal com idade entre 20 e 50 anos foram divididos em um grupo exercício (n = 23) e um grupo controle (n = 21). O grupo exercício participou em um programa de treinamento cumulativo por 10 semanas, três dias por semana, 60 a 90 minutos por dia, com 40% a 65% da frequência cardíaca de reserva prevista. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue venoso de 5 ml, assim como os parâmetros antropométricos dos indivíduos no início do programa e depois de 10 semanas. RESULTADOS: O grupo exercício apresentou melhora do percentual de GC (31,80 ± 5,64 para 28,86 ± 5,82, p = 0,001) e do IMC (26,23 ± 1,81 para 25,45 ± 2,11, p = 0,001), mas não houve mudança significativa no nível de IFN-γ (0,06 ± 0,02 para 0,06 ± 0,02, p = 0,829). Houve diferença significativa entre os grupos controle e exercício no percentual de GC (p = 0,001) e no IMC (p = 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A mensagem a ser lembrada é que a intervenção com exercícios combinados é de baixo custo e os aparelhos necessários são portáteis, e pode ser realizada em casa ou em centros de saúde pelos pacientes de transplante renal, visando reduzir o peso e o percentual de GC. Nível de Evidência I; Estudo clínico randomizado de alta qualidade com ou sem diferença estatisticamente significante, mas com intervalos de confiança estreitos.

INTRODUCCIÓN: el bajo funcionamiento físico y la obesidad están bien documentados en pacientes con trasplante de riñón. Los beneficios significativos para la salud son el resultado de la actividad física regular, muchos de los cuales son importantes para los pacientes con trasplante de riñón. OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar los efectos de los ejercicios combinados de 10 semanas sobre Interferón-Gamma (IFNγ), porcentaje de grasa corporal (% BF) e índice de masa corporal (IMC) en pacientes con trasplante renal. MÉTODO: en un diseño experimental controlado aleatorio, 44 pacientes con trasplante renal, de 20-50 años, se dividieron aleatoriamente en dos grupos de ejercicio (n = 23) y control (n = 21). El grupo de ejercicio participó en un programa de entrenamiento acumulativo durante 10 semanas, tres días a la semana, 60 a 90 minutos por dia, com 40 a 65% de la reserva máxima prevista para frecuencia cardiaca. Se tomaron 5 ml de muestra de sangre de Venus y parámetros antropométricos de los sujetos en la línea de base al inicio y luego de 10 semanas. RESULTADOS: El grupo de ejercicio mostró una mejora en el porcentaje de BF (de 31,80 ± 5,64 a 28,86 ± 5,82, p = 0,001) y el IMC (de 26,23 ± 1,81 a 25,45 ± 2,11, p = 0,001), pero no hubo un cambio significativo en el nivel de IFNγ (de 0.06 ± 0.02 a 0.06 ± 0.02, p = 0.829). Hubo una diferencia significativa entre el control y los grupos de ejercicio para BF% (p = 0.001) e IMC (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIÓN: como mensaje de inicio se debe mencionar que la intervención combinada con ejercicios es económica y portátil, y puede realizarse en el hogar o en centros de salud para que los pacientes con trasplante de riñón disminuyan su peso y BF%. Nivel de Evidencia I; Estudio clínico aleatorio de alta calidad, con o sin diferencia estadísticamente significativa, pero con intervalos de confianza estrechos.

Influence of a physical fitness course on menstrual cycle characteristics.

AIM: Exercise is commonly cited as a remedy for menstrual symptoms. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a period of exercise on physical and psychological symptoms of menstruation, dysmenorrhea, oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea. METHODS: Participants of the study were 250 students of Shiraz University who enrolled in a fitness course. The study design was semi-experimental with one group. Prior and after 12 weeks of a physical fitness program, our subjects completed questionnaires on menstrual distress. The physical fitness training program included physical fitness exercises (cardiovascular endurance, muscular endurance, agility, speed, strength; duration: 90 min, frequency: twice weekly, intensity: 50 to 70% of maximum heart rate). The t test was used for analysis of the data. RESULTS: Physical premenstrual symptoms (p = 0.005), psychological premenstrual symptoms (p = 0.019), dysmenorrhea (p = 0.0001) and oligomenorrhea (p = 0.034) were significantly reduced after the training program. There was no difference in the incidence of amenorrhea before and after the training program (p = 0.162). CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that selected physical fitness exercises positively influenced menstrual symptoms.