ABSTRACT
Transdermal delivery over the past decade has become the field of interest for drug delivery due to its various advantages such as no first-pass metabolism, increased drug bioavailability, and easy administration. Different vesicle systems like ethosomes, liposomes, niosomes, and transferosomes along with particle systems like lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and fullerenes have been developed. These vesicles and particle systems have been developed using various easy and effective methods like cold injection method, rotary film evaporation, thin film hydration, high shear homogenization, solvent extraction method, and many more. These drug delivery systems are a very effective and feasible option for transdermal drug delivery and further developments can be made to increase their use. This article explains in detail the preparation methods and applications for these drug delivery systems.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, an X-linked recessive disorder, is the commonest erythrocytic enzymopathy worldwide. Reliable diagnosis and severity prediction in G6PD-deficient/heterozygous females remain challenging. A recently developed flow cytometric test for G6PD deficiency has shown promise in precisely identifying deficient females. This paper presents our experiences with this test in a subtropical setting and presents a modification in flow cytometric data acquisition strategy. METHODS: The methaemoglobin reduction + ferryl Hb generation-based flow cytometric G6PD test was compared with the screening methaemoglobin reduction test (MRT) and confirmatory G6PD enzyme activity assay (EAA) in 20 G6PD-deficient males, 22 G6PD-heterozygous/deficient females and 20 controls. Stained cells were also assessed for bright/dim G6PD activity under a fluorescent microscope. RESULTS: Flow cytometry separated and quantified %bright cells in heterozygous/deficient females, objectively classifying them into 6 normal (>85% bright cells), 14 intermediate (10-85%) and two G6PD-deficient (<10% bright cells). Concordance with MRT was 89% (55/62 cases) and with EAA was 77% (48/62 cases). Fluorometrically predicted violet laser excitation (405-nm) with signal acquisition in the 425-475 nm region was a technical advancement noted for the first time in this paper. CONCLUSION: Flow cytometry/fluorescence microscopy represent technically straightforward methods for the detection and quantification of G6PD-deficient erythrocytes. Based on our results, we recommend their application as a first-line investigation to screen females who are prescribed an oxidant drug like primaquine or dapsone.
Subject(s)
Clinical Enzyme Tests/methods , Diagnostic Tests, Routine/methods , Erythrocytes/enzymology , Flow Cytometry/methods , Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency/diagnosis , Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase/blood , Heterozygote , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Clinical Chemistry Tests/methods , Contraindications, Drug , Female , Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency/enzymology , Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency/genetics , Humans , Infant , Male , Mass Screening/methods , Middle Aged , Reproducibility of Results , Young AdultABSTRACT
This syndrome comprises of bilateral femoral hypoplasia and unusual facies comprises of short nose with broad tip, elongated philtrum, thin upper lip, small lower jaw, cleft palate and antimongolian slant of palpebral fissure. Etiology is idiopathic, sporadic, few families have been reported to have autosomal dominant inheritance. We report a case with the additional finding of unilateral complete aplasia of femur, encephalocele, complete cleft lip, bilateral absence of 5th metatarsal and toe and hypospadias. The mode of inheritance appears to be sporadic mutation in this case.
