A review on green approaches utilizing phytochemicals in the synthesis of vanadium nano particles and their applications.

In the modern era, inorganic nanoparticles have received profound attention as they possess boundless applications in various fields. Among these, vanadium-based nanoparticles (VNPs) are highly remarkable due to their inherent physiological and biological properties with many therapeutic and other applications, such as drug delivery systems for diseases like cancer, environmental remediation, energy storage, energy conversion, and photocatalysis. Moreover, physically, and chemically synthesized VNPs are very versatile, however, these synthesis routes cause concern to health and the environment due to the highly savage reaction conditions, using highly toxic and harsh chemicals, which compel the researchers to develop an eco-friendly, greener, and sustainable route for synthesis. In this outlook, to avoid the innumerable limitations, a bio approach is used over chemical and physical methods. This present review emphasis on the role of various biological components in the synthesis, especially Phyto-molecules that acts as capping and reducing agent, and solvent system for the nanoparticles synthesis. Furthermore, the influence of various factors on the biogenic synthesized nanoparticles has also been discussed. Finally, potential applications of as-synthesized VNPs, principally as an antimicrobial agent and their role as a nanomedicine, energy applications as a supercapacitor, and photocatalytic agents, have been discussed.

Modified-Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan Hybrid Composite Interfacial Coating on 3D Polymeric Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering.

Three dimensional (3D) scaffolds have huge limitations due to their low porosity, mechanical strength, and lack of direct cell-bioactive drug contact. Whereas bisphosphonate drug has the ability to stimulate osteogenesis in osteoblasts and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) which attracted its therapeutic use. However it is hard administration low bioavailability, and lack of site-specificity, limiting its usage. The proposed scaffold architecture allows cells to access the bioactive surface at their apex by interacting at the scaffold's interfacial layer. The interface of 3D polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds has been coated with alendronate-modified hydroxyapatite (MALD) enclosed in a chitosan matrix, to mimic the native environment and stupulate the through interaction of cells to bioactive layer. Where the mechanical strength will be provided by the skeleton of PCL. In the MALD composite's hydroxyapatite (HAP) component will govern alendronate (ALD) release behavior, and HAP presence will drive the increase in local calcium ion concentration increases hMSC proliferation and differentiation. In results, MALD show release of 86.28 ± 0.22. XPS and SEM investigation of the scaffold structure, shows inspiring particle deposition with chitosan over the interface. All scaffolds enhanced cell adhesion, proliferation, and osteocyte differentiation for over a week without in vitro cell toxicity with 3.03 ± 0.2 kPa mechanical strength.

Chitosan-coated pore wall polycaprolactone three-dimensional porous scaffolds fabricated by porogen leaching method for bone tissue engineering: a comparative study on blending technique to fabricate scaffolds.

One of the significant challenges in the fabrication of scaffolds for tissue engineering lies in the direct interaction of bioactive agents with cells in the scaffolds matrix, which curbs the effectiveness of bioactive agents resulting in diminished cell recognition and attachment ability of the scaffolds. Here, three-dimensional porous scaffolds were fabricated using polycaprolactone (PCL) and chitosan, by two approaches, i.e., blending and surface coating to compare their overall effectiveness. Blended scaffolds (Chi-PCL) were compared with the scaffolds fabricated using surface coating technique, where chitosan was coated on the pore wall of PCL scaffolds (C-PCL). The C-PCL exhibited a collective improvement in bioactivities of the stem cell on the scaffold, because of the cell compatible environment provided by the presence of chitosan over the scaffolds interface. The C-PCL showed the enhanced cell attachment and proliferation behavior of the scaffolds along with two-fold increase in hemolysis compatibility compared to Chi-PCL. Furthermore, the compression strength in C-PCL increased by 24.52% and 8.62% increase in total percentage porosity compared to Chi-PCL was attained. Along with this, all the bone markers showed significant upregulation in C-PCL scaffolds, which supported the surface coating technique over the conventional methods, even though the pore size of C-PCL was compromised by 19.98% compared with Chi-PCL.

Influence of varying concentrations of chitosan coating on the pore wall of polycaprolactone based porous scaffolds for tissue engineering application.

The study's purpose was to fabricate a 3-D porous scaffold, in which chitosan was coated onto the pore wall of polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds as a bioactive agent to maximize the cell recognition signals, to improve the osteoconductivity of the scaffolds. The pppporogen leaching technique has been modified and used in the fabrication process, comprising of the coating of chitosan over the porogen followed by transferring of coating to the pore wall of the PCL scaffold. The cytotoxicity and hemolysis results indicated chitosan's presence over the surface of the scaffold's pore walls has significantly enhanced its biocompatibility. Scaffolds coated with 2.5 %(w/v) chitosan shows 6.74 % increase in porosity and 207.96 % upsurge in mechanical strength, compared to PCL scaffolds. The Gene-expression also proves the study groups of scaffolds show the minimal osteogenic expression. Therefore, chitosan coating over the scaffold's pore wall's surface opens an unconventional approach for tissue engineering applications.

Leveraging advances in chemistry to design biodegradable polymeric implants using chitosan and other biomaterials.

The metamorphosis of biodegradable polymers in biomedical applications is an auspicious myriad of indagation. The utmost challenge in clinical conditions includes trauma, organs failure, soft and hard tissues, infection, cancer and inflammation, congenital disorders which are still not medicated efficiently. To overcome this bone of contention, proliferation in the concatenation of biodegradable materials for clinical applications has emerged as a silver bullet owing to eco-friendly, nontoxicity, exorbitant mechanical properties, cost efficiency, and degradability. Several bioimplants are designed and fabricated in a way to reabsorb or degrade inside the body after performing the specific function rather than eliminating the bioimplants. The objective of this comprehensive is to unfurl the anecdote of emerging biological polymers derived implants including silk, lignin, soy, collagen, gelatin, chitosan, alginate, starch, etc. by explicating the selection, fabrication, properties, and applications. Into the bargain, emphasis on the significant characteristics of current discernment and purview of nanotechnology integrated biopolymeric implants has also been expounded. This robust contrivance shed light on recent inclinations and evolution in tissue regeneration and targeting organs followed by precedency and fly in the ointment concerning biodegradable implants evolved by employing fringe benefits provided by 3D printing technology for building tissues or organs construct for implantation.

An Exploration of Electrocatalytic Analysis and Antibacterial Efficacy of Electrically Conductive Poly (D-Glucosamine)/Graphene Oxide Bionanohybrid.

The diversification of environment congenial and conservative nanocomposites is prestigious because of increasing contamination in biota. Poly (D-glucosamine), a natural biopolymer is contemplated as a promising biodegradable polysaccharide for various applications mainly in food packaging, bone substitutes, and water filtration. The drawback of poly (D-glucosamine) is nadir mechanical strength and high hydrophilicity which could be amended by the introduction of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles (shows excellent load transfer). Homogeneous distribution and well dispersion of GO nanoparticles in poly (D-glucosamine) matrix have been concluded by SEM investigation. Inclusions of 1% GO into the biopolymer matrix results in enhancement of 83.21 MPa of tensile strength in contrary to pristine poly (D-glucosamine). It can be elucidated that increment in properties is due to the crosslinking reaction takes place between the amine and epoxide moieties that exist within poly (D-glucosamine) matrix and GO respectively. The thermal stability of nanocomposites has been increased on addition of nanofiller confirmed by TGA analysis. The resultant nanocomposites were examined for antimicrobial screening against various contagious bacterial strains for packaging applications. Electrochemical characteristics and capacitive investigation of the composites were also studied using cyclic voltammetry and impedance (EIS) respectively. EIS elucidated that the nanocomposite modified electrode exhibited good capacitance behaviour with the Bode phase angle (-45°) which proves the candidates have good capacitive properties. The electrocatalytic properties are found to be diffusion controlled in alkaline medium with good electrical conductivity with low resistance. It is envisioned that the resultant bionanocomposite has potential applications in packaging industry.

Relation of degree of substitution and metal protecting ability of cinnamaldehyde modified chitosan.

Considering the advancements in the applications of biopolymers such as Chitosan due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability and non-toxic properties, five different Chitosan cinnamaldehyde Schiff bases (Chi-Cn1-5) using chitosan and cinnamaldehyde as monomer units were synthesized by varying the degree of substitution. Further, anti-corrosion property of all these biopolymers against corrosion of mild steel was studied in 0.5 M H2SO4 by gravimetric and electrochemical methods. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were utilized to affirm the adsorption of studied biopolymers at the metal/electrolyte interface by inhibiting mild steel (MS) corrosion. The shift (<85 mV) in the value of corrosion potential by the presence of biopolymers affirmed their mixed-type nature of inhibition. The results depicted that Chi-Cn5 performs best against corrosion of mild steel in acid medium among all other biopolymers due to its maximum degree of substitution.

Decoding glycans: deciphering the sugary secrets to be coherent on the implication.

Neoteric techniques, skills, and methodological advances in glycobiology and glycochemistry have been instrumental in pertinent discoveries to pave way for a new era in biomedical sciences. Glycans are sugar-based polymers that coat cells and decorate majority of proteins, forming glycoproteins. They are also found deposited in extracellular spaces between cells, attached to soluble signaling molecules, and are key players in several biological processes including regulation of immune responses and cell-cell interactions. Laboratory manipulations of protein, DNA and other macromolecules celebrate the accelerated research in respective fields, but the same seems unlikely for the complex sugar polymers. The structural complex polymers are neither synthesized using a known template nor are dynamically stable with respect to a cell's metabolic rate. What is more, sugar isomers-structurally distinct molecules with the same chemical formula-can be employed to construct varied glycans, but are almost impossible to tell apart based on molecular weight alone. The apparent lack of a glycan alphabet further reflects on an enduring question: how little do we know about the sugars? Evidently, glycan-based therapeutic potentials and glycomimetics are propitious advances for the future that have not been well exploited, and with a few conspicuous anomalies. Here, we contour the most notable contributions to enhance our ability to utilize the complex glycans as therapeutics. Diagnostic strategies concerning recurrent diseases and headways to address the challenges are also discussed.