ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Teaching anatomy in a clinical context can aid students in appreciating how the subject will apply to their future career as nurses as well as in other administrative roles. Anatomy is voluminous, making it difficult to retain the factual information in the long run; therefore, this study primarily focuses on whether case-based learning (CBL) with integrated anatomy learning can help in retention of the information over short as well as long spans of time. It also focuses on how profitable would the students be with this different style of learning, and whether it can facilitate in better understanding of the basic and clinical concepts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The current study was conducted in the Nursing College of All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India to integrate CBL and evaluate its effect compared to the highly compartmentalized, didactic lectures among the nursing students. The extent of knowledge retention was analyzed by conducting a series of tests before as well as after CBL intervention. Feedback and suggestions were obtained from the students by using the 5-point Likert scale method. RESULTS: The post-test scores of the students improved by 21% after the CBL. More than 85% of the students opined that CBL improves critical thinking, team work, self-directed learning, and communication skills. CONCLUSION: CBL promotes effective short-term retention and facilitates comprehension of key concepts. CBL also plays an important role in improving the professional skills of the students, which otherwise is not taught, and equips them for their future careers.
ABSTRACT
The kidneys and ureters are retroperitoneal structures in the upper part of the paravertebral gutters, tilted against the structures on the sides of the lowest two thoracic and upper three lumbar vertebrae, so that their anterior and posterior surfaces face antero-laterally and postero-medially, respectively. Congenital anomalies of the urinary tract are often the underlying cause of renal pathologies; 40% of these pathological conditions are due to variations in location, shape, and size of the kidney(s), calyces, ureter, or bladder. This case report describes the presence of a unilateral non-rotated left kidney with vascular and ureter variations found during routine cadaveric dissection for medical graduates. Alterations in rotation of the kidney and its relation to structures at the hilum have great clinical significance when conducting surgical procedures like partial nephrectomy, nephron sparing surgery, and renal transplantation.
Os rins e o ureter são estruturas retroperitoneais localizadas na parte superior do sulco paravertebral, inclinados contra as estruturas laterais das duas vértebras torácicas inferiores e das três vértebras lombares superiores. Assim, as superfícies anteriores e posteriores estão nas porções anterolateral e posteromedial, respectivamente. As anomalias congênitas do trato urinário frequentemente são causas subjacentes de patologias renais, e 40% delas ocorrem devido a variações no local, formato e tamanho dos rins, cálices, ureter ou bexiga. Este relato de caso descreve a presença de rim esquerdo unilateral sem rotação com variações vasculares e de ureter encontradas durante uma dissecção de cadáver rotineira com graduandos de Medicina. As alterações na rotação do rim e a sua relação com as estruturas no hilo têm grande importância clínica durante procedimentos cirúrgicos como a nefrectomia parcial, a cirurgia poupadora de néfrons e o transplante renal.
ABSTRACT
Abstract The kidneys and ureters are retroperitoneal structures in the upper part of the paravertebral gutters, tilted against the structures on the sides of the lowest two thoracic and upper three lumbar vertebrae, so that their anterior and posterior surfaces face antero-laterally and postero-medially, respectively. Congenital anomalies of the urinary tract are often the underlying cause of renal pathologies; 40% of these pathological conditions are due to variations in location, shape, and size of the kidney(s), calyces, ureter, or bladder. This case report describes the presence of a unilateral non-rotated left kidney with vascular and ureter variations found during routine cadaveric dissection for medical graduates. Alterations in rotation of the kidney and its relation to structures at the hilum have great clinical significance when conducting surgical procedures like partial nephrectomy, nephron sparing surgery, and renal transplantation.
Resumo Os rins e o ureter são estruturas retroperitoneais localizadas na parte superior do sulco paravertebral, inclinados contra as estruturas laterais das duas vértebras torácicas inferiores e das três vértebras lombares superiores. Assim, as superfícies anteriores e posteriores estão nas porções anterolateral e posteromedial, respectivamente. As anomalias congênitas do trato urinário frequentemente são causas subjacentes de patologias renais, e 40% delas ocorrem devido a variações no local, formato e tamanho dos rins, cálices, ureter ou bexiga. Este relato de caso descreve a presença de rim esquerdo unilateral sem rotação com variações vasculares e de ureter encontradas durante uma dissecção de cadáver rotineira com graduandos de Medicina. As alterações na rotação do rim e a sua relação com as estruturas no hilo têm grande importância clínica durante procedimentos cirúrgicos como a nefrectomia parcial, a cirurgia poupadora de néfrons e o transplante renal.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Aged, 80 and over , Congenital Abnormalities , Kidney/abnormalities , Torsion Abnormality , Urinary Tract/abnormalities , Nonagenarians , NephrectomyABSTRACT
Abstract Background Knowledge of testicular artery variations is vital to ensure that they are not neglected during a variety of different operative techniques, since damage can cause testicular atrophy. Objectives The present study was therefore intended to identify variants in the origin and course of the testicular arteries. An attempt was made to classify the arteries based on their various origins. Methods This study examined 42 formalin-fixed cadavers of 40 to 70-year-old adult males. Variant origins of the testicular artery were identified and classified. Variations in the origin and course of the artery were colored, photographed, and documented. The distances between the origins of the testicular arteries and the mid-points of the origins of the renal arteries were measured. Results Testicular arteries were classified into four categories on the basis of origin. This variability was defined in relation to the renal and inferior mesenteric arteries. The mean distance between the origin of the testicular artery and the mid-point of the origin of the renal artery were 3.08 and 3.47 cm, on the right and left sides respectively. Variations were almost exclusively found on the left side. The variations observed included multiple arterial twigs forming the testicular artery, suprarenal arteries arising from the testicular artery, and testicular artery duplication. Conclusion This study provides an insight into variations in the testicular artery and proposes a classification which could help surgeons during a variety of procedures on the male abdomen and pelvis.
Resumo Contexto O conhecimento de variações da artéria testicular é vital para assegurar que essas artérias não serão negligenciadas durante a realização de diferentes técnicas operatórias, já que qualquer dano poderia causar atrofia testicular. Objetivos Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar variações na origem e no trajeto das artérias testiculares. Foi feita uma tentativa de classificar as artérias com base em suas diferentes origens. Métodos Este estudo examinou 42 cadáveres de adultos do sexo masculino com idade entre 40 e 70 anos preservados em formol. As diferentes origens da artéria testicular foram identificadas e classificadas. Variações na origem e no trajeto da artérias foram coloridas, fotografadas e documentadas. Foram medidas as distâncias entre a origem das artérias testiculares e o ponto médio da origem das artérias renais. Resultados As artérias testiculares foram classificadas em quatro categorias com base em sua origem. Essa variabilidade foi definida com relação às artérias renal e mesentérica inferior. A distância média entre a origem da artéria testicular e o ponto médio da origem da artéria renal foi de 3,08 e 3,47 cm nos lados direito e esquerdo, respectivamente. As variações foram encontradas quase exclusivamente no lado esquerdo. As variações observadas incluíram múltiplos ramúsculos formando a artéria testicular, artérias suprarrenais surgindo a partir da artéria testicular, e duplicação da artéria testicular. Conclusão Este estudo traz informações sobre variações da artéria testicular e propõe uma classificação que poderia ajudar os cirurgiões durante diferentes procedimentos realizados no abdome e na pelve de pacientes do sexo masculino.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Middle Aged , Aorta, Abdominal/anatomy & histology , Aorta, Abdominal/physiology , Renal Artery/anatomy & histology , Dissection/classification , Renal Artery/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Knowledge of testicular artery variations is vital to ensure that they are not neglected during a variety of different operative techniques, since damage can cause testicular atrophy. OBJECTIVES: The present study was therefore intended to identify variants in the origin and course of the testicular arteries. An attempt was made to classify the arteries based on their various origins. METHODS: This study examined 42 formalin-fixed cadavers of 40 to 70-year-old adult males. Variant origins of the testicular artery were identified and classified. Variations in the origin and course of the artery were colored, photographed, and documented. The distances between the origins of the testicular arteries and the mid-points of the origins of the renal arteries were measured. RESULTS: Testicular arteries were classified into four categories on the basis of origin. This variability was defined in relation to the renal and inferior mesenteric arteries. The mean distance between the origin of the testicular artery and the mid-point of the origin of the renal artery were 3.08 and 3.47 cm, on the right and left sides respectively. Variations were almost exclusively found on the left side. The variations observed included multiple arterial twigs forming the testicular artery, suprarenal arteries arising from the testicular artery, and testicular artery duplication. CONCLUSION: This study provides an insight into variations in the testicular artery and proposes a classification which could help surgeons during a variety of procedures on the male abdomen and pelvis.
CONTEXTO: O conhecimento de variações da artéria testicular é vital para assegurar que essas artérias não serão negligenciadas durante a realização de diferentes técnicas operatórias, já que qualquer dano poderia causar atrofia testicular. OBJETIVOS: Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar variações na origem e no trajeto das artérias testiculares. Foi feita uma tentativa de classificar as artérias com base em suas diferentes origens. MÉTODOS: Este estudo examinou 42 cadáveres de adultos do sexo masculino com idade entre 40 e 70 anos preservados em formol. As diferentes origens da artéria testicular foram identificadas e classificadas. Variações na origem e no trajeto da artérias foram coloridas, fotografadas e documentadas. Foram medidas as distâncias entre a origem das artérias testiculares e o ponto médio da origem das artérias renais. RESULTADOS: As artérias testiculares foram classificadas em quatro categorias com base em sua origem. Essa variabilidade foi definida com relação às artérias renal e mesentérica inferior. A distância média entre a origem da artéria testicular e o ponto médio da origem da artéria renal foi de 3,08 e 3,47 cm nos lados direito e esquerdo, respectivamente. As variações foram encontradas quase exclusivamente no lado esquerdo. As variações observadas incluíram múltiplos ramúsculos formando a artéria testicular, artérias suprarrenais surgindo a partir da artéria testicular, e duplicação da artéria testicular. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo traz informações sobre variações da artéria testicular e propõe uma classificação que poderia ajudar os cirurgiões durante diferentes procedimentos realizados no abdome e na pelve de pacientes do sexo masculino.
