ABSTRACT
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241729.].
ABSTRACT
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are among the most widely synthesized and used nanoparticles (NPs). AgNPs have been traditionally synthesized from plant extracts, cobwebs, microorganisms, etc. However, their synthesis from wing extracts of common insect; Mang mao which is abundantly available in most of the Asian countries has not been explored yet. We report the synthesis of AgNPs from M. mao wings extract and its antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. The synthesized AgNPs were spherical, 40-60 nm in size and revealed strong absorption plasmon band around at 430 nm. Highly crystalline nature of these particles as determined by Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and X-ray diffraction further confirmed the presence of AgNPs. Hydrodynamic size and zeta potential of AgNPs were observed to be 43.9 nm and -7.12 mV, respectively. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed the presence of characteristic amide proteins and aromatic functional groups. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis revealed the presence of fatty acids in the wings extract that may be responsible for biosynthesis and stabilization of AgNPs. Further, SDS-PAGE of the insect wing extract protein showed the molecular weight of 49 kDa. M. mao silver nanoparticles (MMAgNPs) exhibit strong antioxidant, broad-range antibacterial and antifungal activities, (66.8 to 87.0%), broad-range antibacterial and antifungal activities was found with maximum zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 96 (35±0.4 mm) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ricini (86.6±0.4) which signifies their biomedical and agricultural potential.
Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents/chemistry , Antioxidants/chemistry , Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry , Silver/chemistry , Wings, Animal/chemistry , Animals , Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , Fusarium/drug effects , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Insecta , Metal Nanoparticles/toxicity , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Particle Size , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Wings, Animal/metabolismABSTRACT
Atrazine is one of the widely used toxic herbicide and considered as serious environmental contaminant worldwide due to its long term use in crop production. In this study, the effect of surfactin lipopeptide produced by Bacillus velezensis MHNK1 on atrazine biodegradation was investigated. B. velezensis MHNK1 produced 0.83⯱â¯0.07â¯g/L of anionic biosurfactant that reduced surface tension from 72.12⯱â¯0.02 to 33.2⯱â¯0.61â¯mN/m and CMC was 40â¯mg/L with 85.21⯱â¯1.60% emulsification index. Further, biosurfactant was characterized as surfactin by TLC, HPLC, FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR and LCMS-ESI. B. velezensis MHNK1 showed 87.10⯱â¯3.10% atrazine biodegradation within 5 days which was revealed by HPLC and MS analysis. Atrazine biodegradation using a combination of B. velezensis MHNK1 (2%) and surfactin (2 CMC) resulted in 100⯱â¯1.20% degradation within 4 days. Presence of atrazine degrading genes in B. velezensis MHNK1 was also confirmed by PCR. To the best of our knowledge, there are no previous reports available on atrazine degradation using B. velezensis strain and also in combination with surfactin. The results of this study reveal that strain B. velezensis MHNK1 and surfactin can be potential source of ecofriendly application for removal of atrazine from contaminated sites.
