ABSTRACT
ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVOS: La leche ultrapasteurizada (leche UHT) de vaca es la más consumida en el suroeste europeo. Los objetivos del estudio fueron: 1) describir el patrón que sigue la concentración de yodo (CY) en la leche convencional UHT de vaca a lo largo del año y 2) averiguar si existen diferencias en la CY en este tipo de leche según su procedencia geográfica. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se compraron briks de leche convencional UHT de vaca de marcas comerciales disponibles en los grandes establecimientos de alimentación de Vitoria-Gasteiz (Araba/Álava) durante 12 meses consecutivos y se determinó su CY mediante cromatografía líquida de alta resolución. RESULTADOS: La mediana (P25-P75) de la CY en la leche (n = 489) fue de 190 (159-235) μg/L. La CY experimentó grandes variaciones a lo largo del año, alcanzando valores máximos entre enero y mayo, 241 (201-272) μg/L, y mínimos entre julio y noviembre, 162 (134-185) μg/L (p < 0,0001). La CY de la leche envasada en Alemania fue significativamente menor que la de las leches envasadas en España y en Francia, 119 (106-156) μg/L frente a 189 (159-229) μg/L y 205 (176-243) μg/L respectivamente (p < 0,0001). CONCLUSIONES: La leche convencional UHT de vaca es una fuente alimentaria muy importante de yodo, pero su CY es altamente variable. Conocer el patrón que sigue la CY en la leche a lo largo del año tiene mucho interés para la planificación de los estudios epidemiológicos sobre el estado de nutrición de yodo en escolares y para la interpretación de los resultados
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Ultra-high temperature (UHT) processed cow milk is the milk most commonly consumed in Southwest Europe. The study objectives were: 1) to describe the pattern followed by iodine concentration (IC) in conventional UHT milk over the year, and 2) to find out any differences in IC in this type of milk depending on its geographical origin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Bricks of conventional UHT cow milk of commercial brands available in food stores in Vitoria-Gasteiz (Araba/Álava), Basque Country (Spain) were bought for 12 consecutive months, and their ICs were measured using high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: Median (P25-P75) IC in UHT milk (n = 489) was 190 (159-235) μg/L. IC in milk showed great changes over the year, reaching peak values between January and May (241 [201-272] μg/L), and minimal levels between July and November (162 [134-185] μg/L) (P < .0001). The IC of milk packed in Germany was significantly lower than that of milks packed in Spain and France, 119 (106-156) μg/L versus 189 (159-229) μ g/L and 205 (176-243) μg/L respectively (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Conventional UHT cow milk is a very important nutritional source of iodine, but its IC is highly variable. Knowledge of the pattern followed by IC in milk over the year is of great interest for planning epidemiological studies on iodine nutritional status in schoolchildren and for interpretation of their results
Subject(s)
Humans , Milk/chemistry , Nutritional Status , Iodine/analysis , Breast-Milk Substitutes , Pasteurization , Iodine/administration & dosage , Longitudinal Studies , Iodine Compounds/chemistry , Infant Nutrition , Confidence IntervalsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Ultra-high temperature (UHT) processed cow milk is the milk most commonly consumed in Southwest Europe. The study objectives were: 1) to describe the pattern followed by iodine concentration (IC) in conventional UHT milk over the year, and 2) to find out any differences in IC in this type of milk depending on its geographical origin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Bricks of conventional UHT cow milk of commercial brands available in food stores in Vitoria-Gasteiz (Araba/Álava), Basque Country (Spain) were bought for 12 consecutive months, and their ICs were measured using high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: Median (P25-P75) IC in UHT milk (n=489) was 190 (159-235)µg/L. IC in milk showed great changes over the year, reaching peak values between January and May (241 [201-272]µg/L), and minimal levels between July and November (162 [134-185]µg/L) (P<.0001). The IC of milk packed in Germany was significantly lower than that of milks packed in Spain and France, 119 (106-156)µg/L versus 189 (159-229)µg/L and 205 (176-243)µg/L respectively (P<.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Conventional UHT cow milk is a very important nutritional source of iodine, but its IC is highly variable. Knowledge of the pattern followed by IC in milk over the year is of great interest for planning epidemiological studies on iodine nutritional status in schoolchildren and for interpretation of their results.
Subject(s)
Iodine/analysis , Milk/chemistry , Nutritional Status , Animals , Cattle , Epidemiologic Studies , Female , France , Germany , Iodine/deficiency , Pasteurization , Spain , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Introducción: Un estudio epidemiológico realizado entre 1988 y 1992 puso de manifiesto la existencia de deficiencia de yodo y bocio endémico en la población escolar de la comunidad autónoma del País Vasco. Objetivos: 1) Conocer el estado de nutrición de yodo de los escolares de 6-7 años de edad y 2) estimar la prevalencia de concentraciones anormales de TSH en sangre capilar. Población y métodos: Fueron estudiados 497 escolares seleccionados mediante muestreo aleatorizado. Para evaluar el estado de nutrición de yodo se utilizó la mediana de las concentraciones urinarias de yodo (mCUY). Para estimar la prevalencia de concentraciones anormales de TSH se utilizó el intervalo de referencia derivado de la población estudiada. Resultados: La mCUY (P25-P75) fue de 140 μg/L (82-217). Fue mayor en los que utilizaban sal yodada en sus domicilios que en los que no lo hacían (146 [85-222] frente a 126 μg/L [73-198]; p < 0,05). También fue mayor en los que consumían 2 o más raciones diarias de leche y yogur que en los que consumían menos de 2 raciones (146 [87-225] vs. 110 μg/L [66-160]; p < 0,0001). La prevalencia de concentraciones anormales de TSH fue del 2%. No hubo correlación entre las concentraciones de TSH en sangre capilar y las CUY (R = 0,082; p = 0,076). Discusión y conclusiones: Los escolares de 6-7 años de la comunidad autónoma del País Vasco tienen un estado de nutrición de yodo adecuado. La utilización de sal yodada en el domicilio y el consumo diario de leche y yogur se asociaron con las mayores CUY
Introduction: An epidemiological study conducted between 1988 and 1992 showed iodine deficiency and endemic goiter in the schoolchildren of the autonomous community of the Basque Country. Objectives: 1) To ascertain the iodine nutrition status of schoolchildren aged 6-7 years, and 2) to estimate the prevalence of abnormal TSH levels in capillary blood. Population and methods: The study was conducted on 497 schoolchildren selected by random sampling. Median urinary iodine concentration (mUIC) was used to assess iodine nutritional status, and the reference interval derived from the study population was used to estimate the prevalence of abnormal TSH levels. Results: The mUIC (P25-P75) was 140 (82-217) μg/L. A higher value was found in those who used iodized salt at home than in those who did not (146 [85-222] versus 126 μg/L [73-198], P<0.05). It was also higher in those who consumed 2 or more daily servings of milk and yogurt than in those taking less than 2 servings (146 [87-225] versus 110 μg/L [66-160], P<0.0001). Abnormal TSH levels were found in 2% of children. There was no correlation between TSH levels in capillary blood and urinary iodine concentrations (R=0.082; P=0.076). Discussion and conclusions: Schoolchildren aged 6-7 years of the autonomous community of the Basque Country have an adequate iodine nutrition status. Use of iodized salt at home and daily consumption of milk and yogurt were associated to the highest UICs
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Iodine Deficiency/complications , Goiter, Endemic/epidemiology , Thyrotropin/analysis , Spain/epidemiology , Child, Preschool , Goiter, Endemic/etiology , Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology , Thyrotropin/blood , Epidemiologic Studies , Urinalysis/methods , Observational Study , Cross-Sectional Studies , Fluoroimmunoassay/methods , DietABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: An epidemiological study conducted between 1988 and 1992 showed iodine deficiency and endemic goiter in the schoolchildren of the autonomous community of the Basque Country. OBJECTIVES: 1) To ascertain the iodine nutrition status of schoolchildren aged 6-7 years, and 2) to estimate the prevalence of abnormal TSH levels in capillary blood. POPULATION AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 497 schoolchildren selected by random sampling. Median urinary iodine concentration (mUIC) was used to assess iodine nutritional status, and the reference interval derived from the study population was used to estimate the prevalence of abnormal TSH levels. RESULTS: The mUIC (P25-P75) was 140 (82-217) µg/L. A higher value was found in those who used iodized salt at home than in those who did not (146 [85-222] versus 126 µg/L [73-198], P<0.05). It was also higher in those who consumed 2 or more daily servings of milk and yogurt than in those taking less than 2 servings (146 [87-225] versus 110 µg/L [66-160], P<0.0001). Abnormal TSH levels were found in 2% of children. There was no correlation between TSH levels in capillary blood and urinary iodine concentrations (R=0.082; P=0.076). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Schoolchildren aged 6-7 years of the autonomous community of the Basque Country have an adequate iodine nutrition status. Use of iodized salt at home and daily consumption of milk and yogurt were associated to the highest UICs.
Subject(s)
Iodine/urine , Thyrotropin/blood , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Dairy Products , Drug Utilization , Feeding Behavior , Female , Humans , Iodine/deficiency , Male , Nutritional Status , Prevalence , Sampling Studies , Sodium Chloride, Dietary , Spain/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Fundamento y objetivo: Los cambios producidos en la alimentación de las vacas lecheras han convertido a la leche en una fuente alimentaria muy importante de yodo en varios países europeos y en EE. UU. El objetivo del trabajo es conocer el contenido de yodo de la leche de mayor consumo en España, la leche procesada mediante tratamiento térmico muy intenso (ultra-high temperature, [UHT, «ultrapasteurizada»]). Material y métodos: Se recogieron todos los meses durante el año 2008 muestras de leche UHT de marcas comerciales disponibles en Vitoria-Gasteiz, y se determinó su contenido de yodo mediante cromatografía líquida de alta resolución según el método oficial 992.22 de la Association of Official Analytical Chemists International. Resultados: El contenido medio (DE) de yoduro y la mediana (P25-P75) en las muestras de leche corriente UHT (n = 489) fueron de 197,6 (58,1) y 190 (159-235) μg/l, respectivamente. No hubo diferencias significativas entre el contenido de yoduro de la leche entera, la semidesnatada y la desnatada (p = 0,219). La concentración media de yoduro y la mediana en la leche ecológica UHT (n = 12) fueron 56,4 (8,6) y 55 (50,5-61,5) μg/l, cifras muy inferiores a las halladas en la leche corriente (p < 0,0001). Conclusiones: La leche corriente UHT disponible en nuestros comercios de alimentación constituye una fuente alimentaria muy importante de yodo. Un vaso de leche corriente UHT (200-250 ml) proporciona una cantidad media de 50 μg de yodo. Esta cantidad supone alrededor del 50% de la ingesta recomendada de yodo durante la infancia o el 20% de la recomendada para las mujeres gestantes y para las que amamantan a sus hijos (AU)
Background and objective: Changes to dairy cow feeding have made milk a very important food source of iodine in several European countries and in USA. We aimed to measure the iodine content in ultra-high temperature (UHT) milk, the most widely consumed milk in Spain and in the south-west of Europe. Material and methods: Every month, throughout 2008, UHT milk samples of commercial brands available in Vitoria-Gasteiz (Basque Country, Spain) were collected and their iodine content was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography, according to official method 992.22 of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists International. Results: The average (SD) iodide content and median (P25-P75) of standard UHT milk samples (n = 489) were 197.6 (58.1) and 190 (159-235) μg/L, respectively. There were no significant differences between the iodide content in whole, semi-skimmed and skimmed milk (P = .219). The average iodide concentration and median in organic UHT milk (n = 12) were 56.4 (8.6) and 55 (50.5-61.5) μg/L, figures that are much lower than those found in standard milk (P < .0001). Conclusions: Standard UHT milk available in our food-retailing outlets constitutes a very important source of iodine. One glass of standard UHT milk (200-250 mL) provides an average amount of 50 μg of iodine. This amount represents around 50% of the iodine intake recommended during childhood or 20% of the iodine intake recommended for pregnant and lactating women (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Iodine , Iodine Deficiency/prevention & control , Iodine Deficiency/etiology , Breast-Milk Substitutes , 52503 , Dairy Products , Dairying , Animal Feed , Breast Feeding , SpainABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Changes to dairy cow feeding have made milk a very important food source of iodine in several European countries and in USA. We aimed to measure the iodine content in ultra-high temperature (UHT) milk, the most widely consumed milk in Spain and in the south-west of Europe. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Every month, throughout 2008, UHT milk samples of commercial brands available in Vitoria-Gasteiz (Basque Country, Spain) were collected and their iodine content was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography, according to official method 992.22 of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists International. RESULTS: The average (SD) iodide content and median (P25-P75) of standard UHT milk samples (n=489) were 197.6 (58.1) and 190 (159-235) µg/L, respectively. There were no significant differences between the iodide content in whole, semi-skimmed and skimmed milk (P=.219). The average iodide concentration and median in organic UHT milk (n=12) were 56.4 (8.6) and 55 (50.5-61.5) µg/L, figures that are much lower than those found in standard milk (P<.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Standard UHT milk available in our food-retailing outlets constitutes a very important source of iodine. One glass of standard UHT milk (200-250mL) provides an average amount of 50µg of iodine. This amount represents around 50% of the iodine intake recommended during childhood or 20% of the iodine intake recommended for pregnant and lactating women.
Subject(s)
Iodine/analysis , Milk/chemistry , Nutritive Value , Trace Elements/analysis , Animals , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Hot Temperature , Humans , Longitudinal Studies , Pasteurization/methods , SpainABSTRACT
A study was carried out to determine organic species of arsenic in the main varieties of seafood consumed in the Basque country (Spain). The concentrations of arsenobetaine (AB), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), arsenocholine (AC), and tetramethylarsonium ion (TMA(+)) in 64 samples corresponding to different food items are presented. The study provides information about a possible distribution pattern of organoarsenical species in seafood products. AB was detected in all of the samples [0.3-104.1 microg g(-1) dry weight (dw)]. DMA was detected in all of the samples except squid and salted cod (0.027-1.757 microg g(-1) dw). MMA was detected only in certain fatty fish (0.004-0.028 microg g(-1) dw) and bivalves (0.031-0.047 microg g(-1) dw). AC was only present in some samples of lean fish (0.014-0.089 microg g(-1) dw), and TMA(+) was detected only in anchovy (0.039-0.169 microg g(-1) dw) and crustaceans (0.044-0.966 microg g(-1) dw).
