Exploring potential bacterial populations for enhanced anthraquinone dyes biodegradation: a critical review.

Anthraquinone dyes, which include an anthraquinone chromophore group, are the second-largest among dye classes, which is often employed in textile manufacturing. A significant number of anthraquinone dyes get into the environment, creating severe pollution since many of these dyes have intricate and stable structures. Currently, microbiological treatment of wastewater is an economically and feasibly viable solution for treating printing and dyeing wastewater, and there are growing reports of biodegradation of anthraquinone dyes. In this review, we outline the current advances in the biodegradation of anthraquinone dyes, summarizes dyes biodegradation by bacterial, fungal, and algae strains, factors influencing dyes biodegradation, current methods in enhancing dyes biodegradation, resuscitation of viable but non-culturable (VBNC) bacteria for better microbial performance, and potentials of VBNC bacteria in degrading dyes. Finally, future directions and important areas for study are given, and such efforts are anticipated to improve the anaerobic degradation process.

Effect of Coriolus versicolor glucan on the stimulation of cytokine production in sarcoma-180-bearing mice.

Coriolus versicolor (CV) contains high levels of bioactive compounds, including the glucan (1→6)-α-D-glucopyranosyl. However, there is a lack of data regarding the potential effect of this CV glucan (CVG) on the stimulation of cytokine production. The present study evaluated the effect of CVG on the stimulation of cytokine production in sarcoma-180-bearing mice. Mice were treated with three doses of CVG (40, 100 or 200 mg/kg body weight) for nine days, after which serum levels of cytokines, namely interleukin (IL)-2, -4, -6, -10, -17A and interferon (IFN)-α and -γ, were investigated by ELISA. CVG significantly promoted the secretion of IL-2, -4, -6, -10, -17A and IFN-α and -γ at the doses of 100 (P<0.05) and 200 (P<0.01) mg/kg, but not at 40 mg/kg (P>0.05), when compared with cyclophosphamide treatment, as a positive control. Additionally, cytokine production associated with T helper (Th)2 and Th17 cells was enhanced compared with that of Th1 cytokines, and the immunomodulatory function of CVG appeared to be IL-10-dependent. These results demonstrate that CVG may stimulate the production of cytokines and serve as a Th2/IL-10-dependent immunomodulator, and thus has promise in supporting cancer therapies.