ABSTRACT
Fox nut also known as Gorgon nut, Makhana (Euryale ferox Salisb.) is a high value aquatic crop belonging to the family Nymphaeaceae. In India, it is generally grown in flood prone areas of North Bihar, lower Assam, parts of West Bengal, Odisha, Manipur and Tripura (Jana et al., 2018). India contributes nearly 70-80% of the global fox nut production. During September 2021, a phytoplasma like symptom was noticed on fox nut leaves at Basudeopur Farm of Research Centre for Makhana, Darbhanga, Bihar, India (23° 9' N and 65° 53' E). The characteristic symptom was that some portion of leaf lamina deformed along the veins with wrinkled and raised overgrowth or hypertrophy. The veins were thickened and reddened in the infected leaf area. The infection occurs in petiole as well as in flower stalk. The disease incidence was found as high as 30% which caused severe yield loss which was calculated to be 40% in that particular field. Total of 20 sampled fox nut plants, 10 symptomatic and 10 asymptomatic ones, were collected and tested for the presence of phytoplasma. A nested PCR assay using the phytoplasma universal 16S rRNA primer pairs: P1/P7 followed by R16F2n/R16R2 (J. Jovic et al. 2011) amplified the expected ~1.2-kb 16S rDNA fragment in all 10 symptomatic samples. No amplification was detected from asymptomatic samples. One of the ten 1.2-kb nested 16S rDNA PCR products was gel purified, cloned into the pGEM-T-easy plasmid vector (Promega, Madison, WI), and sequenced and was deposited in NCBI under the Accession no.OL873590. BLAST analysis showed that the sequence of the PCR 16S rDNA product was 100% identical to several GenBank sequences of Ca. P. solani (16SrXII Stolbur group) viz. KF907506. Furthermore, analysis by iPhyClassifier software showed that the virtual restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern of the sequenced PCR 16S rDNA product is identical (similarity coefficient 1.00) to the reference pattern of the 16SrXII-A subgroup. Identification of 'Ca. P. solani' was conducted following the STOL11 stolbur-specific protocol (Radonjic et al. 2009). Sequencing of tuf gene (Elongation factor Tu) was performed by using tuf marker genes (Cvrkovic et al. 2014) from 10 symptomatic and 10 asymptomatic samples. Sequence of the amplified gene (896 bp) was deposited in GenBank under Accession number OM174272. The presence of 'Ca. P. solani' was detected in all symptomatic samples, while all control plants tested negative. The RFLP analysis of tuf gene nested PCR products using HpaII endonuclease (Fermentas) revealed uniform tuf-b type in all positive samples. Nucleotide blast analyses showed that the tuf gene was 100% identical to STOL11 strain of C. P. solani subgroup 16SrXII-A (Accession No JQ797670). For developing a suitable management strategy, identification of the vector is essential. Leaf hoppers visiting the infected plants as well as nearby crop fields will be tested for presence of the phytoplasma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' (16SrXII-A) infecting Fox nut (Euryale ferox Salisb.) in India. References Cvrkovic et al. 2014. Plant Pathol. 63:42. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12080 Jana, B. R., et al. 2018. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 7(12): 578-587. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.712.072 Jovic, J. et al. 2011. B. Insectol. 64:S83. ISI Radonjic, S. et al. 2009. J. Phytopathol. 157:682. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439- 0434.2009.01560.
ABSTRACT
PIP: A followup study of a sample of 160 of the 2500 men, who had vasectomies at the R.G. Kar Medical College and Hospital in Calcutta from 1972-1975, was conducted in order to assess the characteristics of acceptors, the frequency of postoperative complications, and the impact of vasectomy on sexual feelings. 53.1% of the men were between the ages of 35-44. Average marriage duration was 13.1 years and the men had an average of 3.75 children. 96.8% of the men were literate. 60.6% had incomes below Rs.200, 35.6% had incomes between Rs.201-500, and 3.8% had incomes above Rs.501. 159 of the men were Hindu. 50% of the men reported that they experience contraceptive failure prior to vasectomy. Post operative complications were experienced by 70.62% of the men. 32.5% of the 160 men experienced early complications within 10 days after the operation and 83.1% experienced late complications, 10 or more days following the procedure. In reference to early complications, out of the total 160 patients, 11.2% had local pain or swelling; 14.4% had stitch abscess, 4.4% had bleeding or hematoma, 1.9% had fever, and 0.6% had hemorrhagic diathesis. In reference to late complications, out of the total 160 patients, 13.1% had cord related problems, 10.6% had swelling of the epididymis, 10.6% had swelling of the testis, and 3.8% experienced a general deterioration in health. Sexual feelings after the vasectomy remained the same for 62.5% of the patients, decreased for 31.25%, and improved for 6.25%. Among those patients who had decreased sexual feeling, 55.6% were between the ages of 45-54, 31.8% were between the ages of 35-40, and 25.5% were between the ages of 25-34. A decrease in sexual feeling was significantly related to post operative late complications. Among the 123 men who had a semen analysis 90 days following vasectomy, 18 had positive readings and 105 had negative readings. 6 of the 123 men reported that their wives conceived after vasectomy and of these 6, only 4 had positive readings. The study findings were presented in tabular form.^ieng
