ABSTRACT
With advancements in research and the necessity of improving the performance of bioelectrochemical system (BES), coupling anaerobic digestion (AD) with BES is crucial for energy gain from wastewater and bioremediation. Hybridization of BES-AD concept opens new avenues for pollutant degradation, carbon capture and nutrient-resource recovery from wastewater. The strength of merging BES-AD lies in synergy, and this approach was employed to differentiate fads from strategies with the potential for full-scale implementation and making it an energy-positive system. The integration of BES and AD system increases the overall performance and complexity of combined system and the cost of operation. From a technical standpoint, the primary determinants of BES-AD feasibility for field applications are the scalability and economic viability. High potential market for such integrated system attract industrial partners for more industrial trials and investment before commercialization. However, BES-AD with high energy efficacy and negative economics demands performance boost.
Subject(s)
Alkanesulfonic Acids , Bioelectric Energy Sources , Water Purification , Wastewater , Anaerobiosis , Physical PhenomenaABSTRACT
Objectives@#Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a condition characterized by inattention or hyperactivity and impulsivity that hinders function and development. The purpose of this study was twofold, that is, to check the diagnostic rate of ADHD, which is first diagnosed in adulthood as well as in childhood, and to compare drugs prescribed to children and adult patients. @*Methods@#This study utilized Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service data from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2018. Only first entered International Classification of Diseases diagnostic codes were collected. We set the first year as a clearance period, checked changes in drug prescriptions over the years, and investigated differences found between pediatric and adult patients. @*Results@#The overall diagnostic rate of ADHD decreased from 71.9 to 69.7 per 100000 people between 2009 and 2012. This reducing trend was noticeable from 2012 and decreased to 43.7 by 2015, and then rose again to 65.4 in 2018. Extended-release formulation of the methylphenidate (ER-MPH) was found to be the most frequently used first drug. @*Conclusion@#Overall diagnostic rate decreased from 2009 to 2018, and the incidence of adult ADHD showed a steady increase. For children, ER-MPH was the most prescribed drug at all ages, while osmotic-release oral system formulation of the methylphenidate was most prescribed for adults.
