Probiotic LB101 alleviates dry eye in mice by suppressing matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression through the regulation of gut microbiota-involved NF-κB signaling.

Tear matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 is an inflammatory signal in patients with dry eye (DE). In the present study, to understand the action mechanism of probiotic LB101 (Lactobacillus plantarum NK151 and Bifidobacterium bifidum NK175 [4:1] mix) against DE, we investigated its effect on tear amount and inflammatory marker expression levels in mice with unilateral exorbital lacrimal gland excision/atropine-benzalkonium chloride application (EB) or fecal microbiota transplantation from mice with EB (eFMT). Oral gavage of LB101 increased EB-suppressed tear amount and decreased EB-induced blinking number. Furthermore, LB101 decreased EB-induced TNF-α, IL-1ß, and MMP-9 expression, TNF-α+ and NF-κB+CD11c+ cell populations, and edema in the conjunctiva, while EB-suppressed IL-10 and occludin expression increased. LB101 also decreased EB-induced TNF-α and IL-1ß expression and NF-κB+CD11c+ cell population in the colon. eFMT also decreased tear amount and increased blinking number in the transplanted mice. eFMT increased TNF-α, IL-1ß, and MMP-9 expression and TNF-α+ and NF-κB+CD11c+ cell populations in the conjunctiva and TNF-α and IL-1ß expression and NF-κB+CD11c+ cell populations in the colon. Oral gavage of LB101 increased eFMT-suppressed tear amount and decreased eFMT-induced blinking number. Furthermore, LB101 decreased TNF-α, IL-1ß, and MMP-9 expression, TNF-α+ and NF-κB+CD11c+ cell populations, and edema in the conjunctiva and TNF-α and IL-1ß expression and NF-κB+CD11c+ cell population in the colon, while eFMT-suppressed IL-10 and occludin expression decreased. Furthermore, LB101 increased eFMT-suppressed Muribaculaceae, Prevotellaceae, and Lactobacillaceae populations in the gut microbiota, while eFMT-induced Bacteroidaceae population decreased. These findings suggest that DE may cause gut dysbiosis, which may be a risk factor for DE, and LB101 may alleviate DE with gut inflammation by suppressing the expression of MMP-9 and proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1ß with the regulation of gut microbiota-involved NF-κB signaling.

The VP53 protein encoded by RNA2 of a fabavirus, broad bean wilt virus 2, is essential for viral systemic infection.

Plant viruses evolves diverse strategies to overcome the limitations of their genomic capacity and express multiple proteins, despite the constraints imposed by the host translation system. Broad bean wilt virus 2 (BBWV2) is a widespread viral pathogen, causing severe damage to economically important crops. It is hypothesized that BBWV2 RNA2 possesses two alternative in-frame translation initiation codons, resulting in the production of two largely overlapping proteins, VP53 and VP37. In this study, we aim to investigate the expression and function of VP53, an N-terminally 128-amino-acid-extended form of the viral movement protein VP37, during BBWV2 infection. By engineering various recombinant and mutant constructs of BBWV2 RNA2, here we demonstrate that VP53 is indeed expressed during BBWV2 infection. We also provide evidence of the translation of the two overlapping proteins through ribosomal leaky scanning. Furthermore, our study highlights the indispensability of VP53 for successful systemic infection of BBWV2, as its removal results in the loss of virus infectivity. These insights into the translation mechanism and functional role of VP53 during BBWV2 infection significantly contribute to our understanding of the infection mechanisms employed by fabaviruses.

Estrogen Effects Differ Between Medium Maintenance and Replacement from Transcriptional and Clinical Perspectives in T47D Breast Cancer Cells.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Our most recent study revealed that the responsiveness of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer (HR+ BC) cells to estrogen or endocrine therapy can be altered by certain cell culture or ambient environmental conditions. Nevertheless, we were unable to investigate the relevant molecular mechanism and clinical relevance. Therefore, this study was planned as a follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS: RNA sequencing was mainly used with T47D cells treated with or without 17ß-estradiol (E2) under medium maintenance (MTN; conventional culture method) and medium exchange (EXC; daily replacing the existing medium with fresh medium). RESULTS: The role of E2 in transcription differed between MTN and EXC, and E2 played more important roles in transcription in terms of cancer development under EXC than under MTN, consistent with the previous functional effects of EXC. The novel concept of the "estrogen-responsive and proliferation-related gene (ERPG)" was introduced. The expression of ERPGs, which were distinguished from typical estrogen-responsive genes, was correlated with that of prognostic and predictive factors for HR+ BC. The transcriptional induction of ERPGs and typical estrogen-responsive genes regardless of E2 treatment under MTN was reminiscent of constitutive estrogen receptor (ER) activation. Additionally, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors were more effective under EXC than under MTN. CONCLUSION: This study, demonstrating the more important roles of estrogen in terms of cancer development under EXC than under MTN, supports the use of our research model in future studies to overcome endocrine resistance in HR+ BC.

Rational Design of a Copper Cobalt Sulfide/Tungsten Disulfide Heterostructure for Excellent Overall Water Splitting.

Integrating different components into a heterostructure is a novel approach that increases the number of active centers to enhance the catalytic activities of a catalyst. This study uses an efficient, facile hydrothermal strategy to synthesize a unique heterostructure of copper cobalt sulfide and tungsten disulfide (CuCo2S4-WS2) nanowires on a Ni foam (NF) substrate. The nanowire arrays (CuCo2S4-WS2/NF) with multiple integrated active sites exhibit small overpotentials of 202 (299) and 240 (320) mV for HER and OER at 20 (50) mA cm-2 and 1.54 V (10 mA cm-2) for an electrolyzer in 1.0 M KOH, surpassing commercial and previously reported catalysts. A solar electrolyzer composed of CuCo2S4-WS2 bifunctional electrodes also produced significant amounts of hydrogen through a water splitting process. The remarkable performance is accredited to the extended electroactive surface area, reasonable density of states near the Fermi level, optimal adsorption free energies, and good charge transfer ability, further validating the excellent dual function of CuCo2S4-WS2/NF in electrochemical water splitting.

Enhancing the electrochemical activity of zinc cobalt sulfide via heterojunction with MoS2 metal phase for overall water splitting.

The integration of diverse components into a single heterostructure represents an innovative approach that boosts the quantity and variety of active centers, thereby enhancing the catalytic activity for both hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) and oxygen evolution reactions (OER) in the water splitting process. In this study, a novel, hierarchically porous one-dimensional nanowire array comprising zinc cobalt sulfide and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2@Zn0.76Co0.24S) was successfully synthesized on a Ni foam substrate using an efficient and straightforward hydrothermal synthesis strategy. The incorporation of the metallic phase of molybdenum disulfide elevates the electronic conductivity of MoS2@Zn0.76Co0.24S, resulting in impressively low overpotentials. At 20, 50, and 100 mA cm-2, the overpotentials for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are merely 90 mV, 170 mV, and 240 mV, respectively. Similarly, for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), the overpotentials are 169 mV, 237 mV, and 301 mV at the same current densities in 1.0 M potassium hydroxide solution. The utilization of the MoS2@Zn0.76Co0.24S /NF electrolyzer demonstrates its exceptional performance as a catalyst in alkaline electrolyzers. Operating at a mere 1.45 V and 10 mA cm-2, it showcases outstanding efficiency. Achieving a current density of 405 mA cm-2, the system generates hydrogen at a rate of 3.1 mL/min with a purity of 99.997%, achieving an impressive cell efficiency of 68.28% and a voltage of 1.85 V. Furthermore, the MoS2@Zn0.76Co0.24S /NF hybrid exhibits seamless integration with solar cells, establishing a photovoltaic electrochemical system for comprehensive water splitting. This wireless assembly harnesses the excellent performance of the hybrid nanowire, offering a promising solution for efficient, durable, and cost-effective bifunctional electrocatalysts in the realm of renewable energy.

Single, Double and ETL-Sandwiched PVPy Interlayer Effect on Charge Injection Balance and Performance of Inverted Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes.

A desire to achieve optimal electron transport from the electron transport layer (ETL) towards the emissive layer (EML) is an important research factor for the realization of high performance quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QD-LEDs). In this paper, we study the effect of a single, double, and electron transport layer sandwiched Poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PVPy here on) on the charge injection balance and on the overall device performance of InP-based red quantum dot light emitting diodes (red QD-LEDs). The results showed general improvement of device characteristic performance metrics such as operational life with incorporation of a PVPy interlayer. The best performance was observed at a lower concentration of PVPy (@ 0.1 mg/mL) in interlayer with continual worsening in performance as PVPy concentration in the interlayer increased in other fabricated devices. The AFM images obtained for the different materials reported improved surface morphology and overall improved surface properties, but decreased overall device performance as PVPy concentration in interlayer was increased. Furthermore, we fabricated two special devices: in the first special device, a single 0.1 mg/mL PVPy sandwiched between two ZnO ETL layers, and in the second special device, two 0.1 mg/mL PVPy interlayers were inter-sandwiched between two ZnO ETL layers. Particular emphasis was placed on monitoring the maximum obtained EQE and the maximum obtained luminance of all the devices. The first special device showed better all-round improved performance than the second special device compared to the reference device (without PVPy) and the device with a single 0.1 mg/mL PVPy interlayer stacked between ZnO ETL and the emissive layer.

A New Culture Model for Enhancing Estrogen Responsiveness in HR+ Breast Cancer Cells through Medium Replacement: Presumed Involvement of Autocrine Factors in Estrogen Resistance.

Hormone receptor-positive breast cancer (HR+ BC) cells depend on estrogen and its receptor, ER. Due to this dependence, endocrine therapy (ET) such as aromatase inhibitor (AI) treatment is now possible. However, ET resistance (ET-R) occurs frequently and is a priority in HR+ BC research. The effects of estrogen have typically been determined under a special culture condition, i.e., phenol red-free media supplemented with dextran-coated charcoal-stripped fetal bovine serum (CS-FBS). However, CS-FBS has some limitations, such as not being fully defined or ordinary. Therefore, we attempted to find new experimental conditions and related mechanisms to improve cellular estrogen responsiveness based on the standard culture medium supplemented with normal FBS and phenol red. The hypothesis of pleiotropic estrogen effects led to the discovery that T47D cells respond well to estrogen under low cell density and medium replacement. These conditions made ET less effective there. The fact that several BC cell culture supernatants reversed these findings implies that housekeeping autocrine factors regulate estrogen and ET responsiveness. Results reproduced in T47D subclone and MCF-7 cells highlight that these phenomena are general among HR+ BC cells. Our findings offer not only new insights into ET-R but also a new experimental model for future ET-R studies.

Polymorphism, gigantism, and cannibalism, one stylonychid ciliate (Ciliophora, Hypotricha) to rule them all.

The morphology, ontogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of the polymorphic and cannibalistic giant forming Tetmemena polymorpha n. sp., found in a brackish water sample in South Korea, were investigated. The present species has long been misidentified as "Oxytricha bifaria." The new investigation shows that the species produces three morphologically different morphs. The small morph is bacterivorous and characterized by its small body size and slim body and it is found only in the stationary and decline phases of the culture. The large morph has a wide body, larger oral apparatus, and feeds on small eukaryotes such as yeast cells and small ciliates. It divides very quickly and produces the other two morphs and found in the exponential phase of the cultures. The giant morph is characterized by its huge body and oral apparatus. It feeds on the small morph cells of the same species and other ciliates, and occurs together with the small morph. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 18S rRNA gene sequences show that the new species is placed in a sister subclade to that containing other Tetmemena sequences. Moreover, Tetmemena indica Bharti et al., 2019 nov. stat. is raised to species level based on the differences in the cyst morphology and the dorsal ciliature to the authoritative Tetmemena pustulata population.

Manganese cobalt sulfide/molybdenum disulfide nanowire heterojunction as an excellent bifunctional catalyst for electrochemical water splitting.

Heterointerface engineering enhances catalytic active centers and charge transfer capabilities to increase oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) kinetics. In this study, a novel heterostructure of manganese cobalt sulfide-molybdenum disulfide on nickel foam (MnCo2S4-MoS2/NF) was synthesized via a two-step hydrothermal process. The nanowire-shaped MnCo2S4-MoS2 on NF displayed accelerated charge transfer ability and multiple integrated active sites. When tested in one molar (1 M) potassium hydroxide (KOH) electrolyte, it furnished low overpotentials of 105 and 171 mV for the HER and 220 and 300 mV for the OER at the current densities of 20 and 50 mA cm-2, respectively. An electrolyzer based on MnCo2S4-MoS2/NF required low operating potentials of 1.41 and 1.49 V to yield the current densities of 10 and 20 mA cm-2, respectively, surpassing commercial and previously reported catalysts. Density functional theory (DFT) analysis revealed that the MnCo2S4-MoS2 heterostructure possesses the optimal adsorption free energies for the reactants, an extended electroactive surface area, good charge transfer ability, and reasonable density of electronic states close to the Fermi level, all of which contribute to the high activity of catalyst. Thus, heterointerface engineering is a promising strategy for creating efficient catalysts for overall water splitting.

Highly Exposed NH2 Edge on Fragmented g-C3 N4 Framework with Integrated Molybdenum Atoms for Catalytic CO2 Cycloaddition: DFT and Techno-Economic Assessment.

This study focuses on the applicability of single-atom Mo-doped graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) nanosheets which are specifically engineered with high surface area (exfoliated GCN), NH2 rich edges, and maximum utilization of isolated atomic Mo for propylene carbonate (PC) production through CO2 cycloaddition of propylene oxide (PO). Various operational parameters are optimized, for example, temperature (130 °C), pressure (20 bar), catalyst (Mo2 GCN), and catalyst mass (0.1 g). Under optimal conditions, 2% Mo-doped GCN (Mo2 GCN) has the highest catalytic performance, especially the turnover frequency (TOF) obtained, 36.4 h-1 is higher than most reported studies. DFT simulations prove the catalytic performance of Mo2 GCN significantly decreases the activation energy barrier for PO ring-opening from 50-60 to 4.903 kcal mol-1 . Coexistence of Lewis acid/base group improves the CO2 cycloaddition performance by the formation of coordination bond between electron-deficient Mo atom with O atom of PO, while NH2 surface group disrupts the stability of CO2 bond by donating electrons into its low-level empty orbital. Steady-state process simulation of the industrial-scale consumes 4.4 ton h-1 of CO2 with PC production of 10.2 ton h-1 . Techno-economic assessment profit from Mo2 GCN is estimated to be 60.39 million USD year-1 at a catalyst loss rate of 0.01 wt% h-1 .

Organic pollutants degradation using plasma with simultaneous ammonification assisted by electrolytic two-cell system.

Atmospheric non-thermal dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma has gained considerable attention due to its cost-efficiency, environmental friendliness, and simplicity. However, certain deficiencies restrict its broad application. Herein, the DBD plasma was used to disrupt three model pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), ibuprofen (IBP), and norfloxacin (NFX), by varying parameters, such as gas type (Ar, N2, O2, and air) and flow rate (1-4 L min-1). The air plasma discharge had the highest degradation efficiency, and the air flow rate was optimized at 2 L min-1. However, only 10% of IBP was removed by the sole plasma, whereas NFX and SMX were entirely removed after 30 min. Since the air plasma discharge generates reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in a chained reaction, the remaining NO2- and NO3- in the aqueous phase were problematic. Therefore, by coupling plasma with electrolysis using Cu/reduced Cu nanowire (R-CuNw) as the anode/cathode, all three PhACs were removed within 30 min, and NO2- and NO3- were completely reduced to NH3 with cathodic reduction. Moreover, the electrical energy per order (EEO, 0.04 kWh L-1) and treatment cost (0.003 USD L-1) were much lower than those of the single system. This system demonstrates great potential for water remediation, and the production of NH3 as a value-added by-product remarkably improves its practicality and is of great importance in agriculture and energy-related industries.

Ethylene emitted by viral pathogen-infected pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants is a volatile chemical cue that attracts aphid vectors.

Plant viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens, and most depend on insect vectors for transmission between plants. Viral infection causes various physiological and metabolic changes in host traits, which subsequently influence the behavior and fitness of the insect vectors. Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), one of the most widespread pathogens in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), is transmitted by aphid vectors in a non-persistent manner. Here, we examined whether CMV infection in pepper affects the behavior of aphid vectors (Myzus persicae and Aphis glycines) in pepper. Aphid preference test revealed that significantly more aphids were attracted to CMV-infected pepper plants than to healthy plants. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed a significant activation of the ethylene biosynthesis pathway in CMV-infected pepper plants. Indeed, gas chromatography analysis demonstrated that ethylene emission was significantly increased by CMV infection in pepper plants. Elevated ethylene emission in ethephon-treated healthy pepper increased their attractiveness to aphids. In contrast, aphid preference decreased after chemical inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis in CMV-infected pepper plants. Our results suggest that the ethylene emitted by CMV infection is a volatile cue that regulates the attractiveness of pepper plants to M. persicae and A. glycines.

The RPA inhibitor HAMNO sensitizes Fanconi anemia pathway-deficient cells.

The Fanconi anemia (FA) DNA repair pathway is required for DNA inter-strand crosslink (ICL) repair. Besides its role in ICL repair, FA proteins play a central role in stabilizing stalled replication forks, thereby ensuring genome integrity. We previously demonstrated that depletion of replication protein A (RPA) induces the activation of FA pathway leading to FANCD2 monoubiquitination and FANCD2 foci formation. Thus, we speculated that FA-deficient cells would be more sensitive to RPA inhibition compared to FA-proficient cells. Following treatment with RPA inhibitor HAMNO, we observed significant induction in FANCD2 monoubiquitination and foci formation as observed in RPA depletion. In addition, HAMNO treatment caused increased levels of γ-H2AX and S-phase accumulation in FA-deficient cells. Importantly, FA-deficient cells showed more increased sensitivity to HAMNO than FA-proficient cells. Moreover, in combination with cisplatin, HAMNO further enhanced the cytotoxicity of cisplatin in FA-deficient cells, while being less toxic against FA-proficient cells. This result suggests that RPA inhibition might be a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of FA pathway-deficient tumors.

Fibrivirga algicola gen. nov., sp. nov., an algicidal bacterium isolated from a freshwater river.

An aerobic, gram-stain-negative, pink-colored, non-motile and rod-shaped algicidal bacterium, designated as JA-25T was isolated from freshwater in Geumgang River, Republic of Korea. Strain JA-25T grew at 15-30 °C and pH 6-9, and did not require NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain JA-25T belongs to the family 'Spirosomaceae' and is most closely related to Fibrella aestuarina BUZ 2T (93.6%). Strain JA-25T showed < 90% sequence similarity to other members of the family 'Spirosomaceae'. The average nucleotide identity(ANI), in silico DNA-DNA hybridization and average amino acid identity(AAI) values based on the genomic sequences of JA-25T and F. aestuarina BUZ 2T were 74.4, 20.5, and 73.6%, respectively. Strain JA-25T showed an algicidal effect on the marine flagellate alga Heterocapsa triquetra, but no effect on fresh water cyanobacterium (Nostoc). In genome analysis, RIPP-like peptides were detected and predicted to resemble the indolmycin biosynthetic gene cluster, which possibly influence its algicidal effect. Furthermore, a bacteriorhodopsin gene with photoheterotrophic characteristics was detected. The genomic DNA G + C content was 52.5 mol%. The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c/C16:1 ω7c), C16:1 ω5c, C16:0 (> 10%). The major respiratory quinone was menaquinone 7 and major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids, two phospholipids, and five unidentified lipids. Considering the phylogenetic inference, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic data, strain JA-25T should be classified as a novel species in the novel genus Fibrivirga, with the proposed name Fibrivirga algicola sp. nov. The type strain is JA-25T (= KCCM 43334T = NBRC 114259T).

Air-Permeable Waterproofing Electrocardiogram Patch to Monitor Full-Day Activities for Multiple Days.

On-skin healthcare patch-type devices have great technological challenges in monitoring full-day activities and wearing for multiple days without detachment. These challenges can be overcome when the sensor is air permeable but waterproof. This study presents a light-weight, highly stable, and stretchable Au electrode that is fabricated by sputtering on an imidized nanofiber mat. The contact surface of the electrode is hydro-wetting and the outer surface of the electrode is hydrophobic, so the porous electrode simultaneously has excellent sweat permeability and waterproofing capabilities. The electrode is applied to the electrocardiogram sensor for monitoring the cardiac signals for five consecutive days without detaching while doing various full-day activities such as relaxing, exercising, showering, and sleeping. This study suggests a modular setup of the electrodes and the cardiac signal processing unit for activating the device when cardiac monitoring is required.

Overcoming the obstacles of current photodynamic therapy in tumors using nanoparticles.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been applied in clinical treatment of tumors for a long time. However, insufficient supply of pivotal factors including photosensitizer (PS), light, and oxygen in tumor tissue dramatically reduces the therapeutic efficacy of PDT. Nanoparticles have received an influx of attention as drug carriers, and recent studies have demonstrated their promising potential to overcome the obstacles of PDT in tumor tissue. Physicochemical optimization for passive targeting, ligand modification for active targeting, and stimuli-responsive release achieved efficient delivery of PS to tumor tissue. Various trials using upconversion NPs, two-photon lasers, X-rays, and bioluminescence have provided clues for efficient methods of light delivery to deep tissue. Attempts have been made to overcome unfavorable tumor microenvironments via artificial oxygen generation, Fenton reaction, and combination with other chemical drugs. In this review, we introduce these creative approaches to addressing the hurdles facing PDT in tumors. In particular, the studies that have been validated in animal experiments are preferred in this review over proof-of-concept studies that were only performed in cells.

In-situ growth of manganese oxide on self-assembled 3D- magnesium hydroxide coated on polyurethane: Catalytic oxidation mechanism and application for Mn(II) removal.

Novel integration of adsorption followed by catalytic oxidation is expected to be more beneficial for higher Mn(II) removal performance. We prepared self-assembled 3D flower-like Mg(OH)2 coated on granular-sized polyurethane (namely FMHP) via hydrothermal method at 120 °C under a facile synthesis route. The optimized material, FMHP prepared with 7 g MgO and 20 g polyurethane (FMH0.35P), achieved up to 351.2 mg g-1 Mn(II) removal capacity by Langmuir isotherm model. Besides, FMHP exhibited high Mn(II) removal in a wide range of NaCl concentration (0~0.1 M) and pH 2-9. Notably, through consecutive kinetics, BET, XPS, XRD, FESEM, and TEM analyses, it was found that the MnOx layer grows in-situ via ion exchange with Mg(II) on FMHP and further boosts the Mn(II) removal via catalytic oxidation during the Mn(II) removal process. Further, column experiments revealed that the FMH0.35P exhibited superior Mn(II) removal capacities up to 135.9 mg g-1 and highly compatible treatment costs ($0.062 m-3) compared to conventional chemical processes. The granular-sized FMH0.35P prepared by economic precursors and simple synthesis route revealed a high potential for Mn(II) containing water treatment due to its high removal capacities and easy operation.

In situ Fenton remediation for diesel contaminated clayey zone assisted by thermal plasma blasting: Synergism and cost estimation.

Thermal plasma blasting technology has been widely applied for rock cracking. Though, the application for environmental remediation has yet to be reported. Since the delivery of remediation agents into diesel contaminated clayey zones are exceptionally challenging, herein, this study explores the effect of pilot-scale thermal plasma blasting for soil fracturing and concurrently dispersing the Fenton reagent into the diesel contaminated silty soils. Six times plasma blasting with sole H2O2 at 20 kV had the highest degradation of diesel (>97%) with an equilibrium time of 3 h, and the final diesel concentration was below the South Korean regulated health standard (500 mg kg-1). This study highlights plasma blasting able to deliver H2O2 instantaneously and homogeneously into contaminated zone while promoting Fenton reaction synergism (fsyn: 2.04) between H2O2 and ≡Fe surface for effective remediation. Furthermore, the remediation cost (USD 4 metric ton-1) is much lower than most reported in situ technologies.

Sequential Metal Catalysis towards 7-Oxostaurosporine and Its Non-Natural Septanose Analogue.

We report sequential metal catalysis towards indolocarbazole glycosides. The signature event is highlighted by i) Pd0 -catalyzed addition of indolocarbazole to alkoxyallene combined with ring-closing-metathesis; ii) Ru-catalyzed chemoselective olefin migration; iii) PdII -catalyzed oxidative cyclization to build the bicyclic core structure of the target compounds. This approach gave access to both natural pyranose- and non-natural septanose glycosides. A short formal synthesis of 7-oxostaurosporine was achieved via this strategy.