ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Central sensitization is an amplification of neuronal signaling within the central nervous system. The Central Sensitization Inventory was introduced in 2012. A Polish version of the CSI (CSI-Pol) was developed in 2019, but it was not psychometrically validated. The aim of this study was to validate the CSI-Pol in a sample of Polish-speaking patients with chronic spinal pain and compare them with a group of healthy control subjects. METHODS: The CSI-Pol was administered to 151 patients with chronic spinal pain recruited from two centers. It was re-administered 7 days later. The psychometric properties were then evaluated, including test-retest reliability, construct validity, factor structure and internal consistency. We correlated the CSI-Pol with functional scales, depression and social support scales and compared CSI-Pol scores in the clinical subjects with 30 healthy control subjects recruited from medical staff and their families. RESULTS: The CSI-Pol demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α =0,933) and test-retest reliability (Intraclass Correlation Coefficients - ICC =0.96), as well as significant positive associations with other patient-reported scales, including the Neck Disability Index (r = 0.593), Revised Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire (r = 0.422), and other measures of functional and depressive states. An exploratory factor analysis resulted in a 4-factor model. CSI-Pol scores in the clinical sample (35.27 ± 17.25) were significantly higher than the control sample (23.3 ± 8.9). CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that the CSI-Pol may be a useful clinical tool for assessing central sensitization related symptoms and guiding appropriate treatment in Polish-speaking patients with spinal pain.
Subject(s)
Central Nervous System Sensitization , Chronic Pain , Chronic Pain/diagnosis , Humans , Poland , Psychometrics , Reproducibility of ResultsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) is a new, simple clinimetric instrument intended to help doctors who deal with pain of unclear origin. It may be particularly useful when there is a large component of neuropathic pain and to assess non-specific symptoms associated with the phenomenon of central sensitization known under the common name of the central sensitization syndrome. The aim of this study is to perform translation of the CSI into Polish, its cultural adaptation and its preparation for further validation. The proposed adaptation of the scale may be applied both at the clinical level and at the level of primary care. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The CSI translation process took place in several stages. Firstly, the text of the questionnaire was translated from English to Polish by five independent translators. Secondly, the optimal version of the text was determined and, at the third stage, it was submitted to a linguist in order to assess it in the context of the idiomatic and semantic clarity. Thirdly, the translation was passed on to a native speaker who verified the congruence of the Polish translation with its original version. At a later stage, the effect of translating the scale and its usefulness were discussed by a group of experts in order to adapt a cultural tool. The final step was to provide it to be completed and evaluated by twenty anonymous patients with the aim of pre-assessing the level of its understanding. RESULTS: The final result of the undertaken activities is the Polish version of the CSI ready for validation. CONCLUSIONS: After the multistage preparation and thorough verification of the Polish questionnaire at conceptual, empirical, semantic and idiomatic levels, necessary due to numerous cultural and linguistic differences, the Polish translation of the CSI seems to be a product ready for further validation and introduction to clinical practice.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of orthorexia nervosa in the population of adolescents and young adults, as well as to determine whether orthorexia is a separate clinical entity, a part of eating disorder or another manifestation of obsessivecompulsive disorder. METHODS: The study group consisted of 864 subjects (599 females and 265 males). The mean age of female participants was 20.21±3.27 years, and of male participants 18.93±3.67 years. As a part of the study, we used a proprietary questionnaire to collect patient data, as well as following diagnostic questionnaires: ORTO-15 by Donini et al. (Polish version validated by Janas-Kozik et al.), EAT-26 by Garner and Garfinkel, and MOCI (Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory) by Hodgson and Rachman. The results were analysed statistically. RESULTS: 27% of subjects were found to be at risk of orthorexia nervosa (score of 35 was considered a cut-off point). These subjects achieved significantly higher scores in the EAT-26. There were no statistically significant differences in the MOCI scores. The highest risk of orthorexia was observed in subjects aged 13-16 years old (junior secondary school) and the lowest in 16-19-year-olds (senior secondary school). Individuals with suspected orthorexia tended to have significantly higher BMI. Specific analysis of environmental features will be exposed in the next issue. CONCLUSIONS: Orthorexia nervosa is not a separate clinical entity. It does not belong to the OCD spectrum, but meets the criteria of eating disorder spectrum.
Subject(s)
Feeding Behavior/psychology , Feeding and Eating Disorders/psychology , Obsessive Behavior/psychology , Adolescent , Adult , Attitude to Health , Body Image , Choice Behavior , Feeding and Eating Disorders/diagnosis , Female , Health Behavior , Humans , Male , Obsessive Behavior/diagnosis , Poland , Surveys and Questionnaires , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of orthorexia nervosa among school-age youth from Pomeranian and Warmian-Masurian voivodeships, as well as search for factors which enhance the risk of orthorexia nervosa. An attempt was made to find differences in occurrence of orthorexia nervosa among youth from big cities and small towns. METHODS: The study group consisted of 864 subjects (599 females and 265 males). The mean age of female participants was 20.21+/-3.27 years, and of male participants - 18.93+/-3.67 years. In the study, we used a proprietary questionnaire to collect patient data, as well as following diagnostic questionnaires: ORTO-15 by Donini et al. (Polish version validated by Stochel, Janas-Kozik et al.), EAT-26 by Garner and Garfinkel, MOCI (Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory) by Hodgson and Rachman, and BDI-II (Beck Depression Inventory II) by Beck. The results were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: 27% of subjects were found to be at risk of orthorexia nervosa (score of 35 was consideredas cut-off point). The highest score of risk was observed in the group of students of junior secondary school, the lowest in the group of students of senior secondary school. There were no statistically significant differences in the risk of orthorexia in groups from big city and small town. Studied social factors did not show impact on the risk of orthorexia. Individuals with suspected orthorexia have notably higher BMI. There were no statistically significant differences in occurrence and severity of depression in the study group. Depression occurred in 25% of the subjects;the link between depression and orthorexia was not confirmed. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of the study, it was indicated that the group of the highest risk are students of junior secondary school, probably because of the great interest in physical attractiveness in this period of life, as well as individuals with higher BMI. We believe that for more effective diagnosis it would be advisable to adopt a cut-off point for orthorexia in the ORTO-15 at the level of 35 points, as postulated by Stochel, Janas-Kozik et al. The 40-point threshold is associated with considerable overdiagnosis of the phenomenon.
