ABSTRACT
The physiochemical nature of surfaces can be changed by small proteins which are secreted by filamentous fungi. These proteins, called hydrophobins, are characterized by the presence of eight conserved cysteine residues and a typical hydropathy pattern. Upon contact with a hydrophilic-hydrophobic interface they self-assemble into highly insoluble amphipathic membranes. As a result, hydrophobic surfaces become hydrophilic and vice versa. Genetic engineering of hydrophobins was used to study structure-function relationships. In addition, engineered hydrophobins were constructed to increase the biocompatibility of surfaces. The glycosylated N-terminal region of the mature SC3 hydrophobin was deleted and the cell-binding domain of human fibronectin was introduced at the N-terminus. The gross properties of the hydrophobins were not affected. However, the physiochemical properties of the hydrophilic side of the assembled protein did change. Growth of fibroblasts on Teflon could be improved by coating the solid with the engineered hydrophobins. Thus, by changing the N-terminal part of hydrophobins, the physiochemical nature of the hydrophilic side of the assembled form can be altered and a variety of new functionalities introduced. The fact that hydrophobins self-assemble at any hydrophilic-hydrophobic interface, irrespective of the chemical nature of the surface, therefore provides a generic approach to modify surfaces and make them interesting candidates for the use in various technical and medical applications.
Subject(s)
Coated Materials, Biocompatible/chemistry , Coated Materials, Biocompatible/pharmacology , Fibroblasts/drug effects , Fungal Proteins/chemistry , Fungal Proteins/pharmacology , Protein Engineering/methods , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Cell Size/drug effects , Cell Survival/drug effects , Cells, Cultured , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Fibroblasts/cytology , Fungal Proteins/genetics , Humans , Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions , Materials Testing , Multiprotein Complexes/chemistry , Multiprotein Complexes/genetics , Multiprotein Complexes/pharmacology , Mutagenesis, Site-Directed , Recombinant Proteins/chemistry , Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology , Surface PropertiesABSTRACT
Hydrophobins such as SC3 and SC4 of Schizophyllum commune self-assemble into an amphipathic film at hydrophilic/hydrophobic interfaces. These proteins can thus change the nature of surfaces, which makes them attractive candidates to improve physio- and physico-chemical properties of implant surfaces. At a hydrophobic solid, assembly of the hydrophobin is arrested in an intermediate state, called the alpha-helical state. The conversion to the stable beta-sheet end state can be induced by treating the solid at elevated temperatures in the presence of detergent. We here show that SC3 and SC4 in the alpha-helical state homogeneously cover Teflon sheets when coating was performed at 20 degrees C. However, when the protein was adsorbed at 80 degrees C aggregates were shown to bind tightly to the adsorbed hydrophobin film. The transition to the beta-sheet state created pores of about 50 nm in the SC3 and SC4 coatings when coating was performed at 20 degrees C. Cell growth and morphology on SC4 coatings was better than on SC3. In case of both hydrophobins, fibroblast growth and morphology was not influenced by the coating temperature or the conformation of the protein. However, in contrast to the alpha-helical state, the beta-sheet state of both SC3 and SC4 hardly, if at all, affected mitochondrial activity.
Subject(s)
Coated Materials, Biocompatible/chemistry , Fibroblasts/cytology , Fibroblasts/physiology , Fungal Proteins/chemistry , Polytetrafluoroethylene/chemistry , Schizophyllum/metabolism , Animals , Cell Adhesion , Cell Division , Cell Line , Cell Size , Cell Survival , Hot Temperature , Materials Testing , Mice , Protein Binding , Protein Conformation , Protein Structure, Secondary , Surface PropertiesABSTRACT
Class I Hydrophobins self-assemble at hydrophilic-hydrophobic interfaces into a highly insoluble amphipathic film. Upon self-assembly of these fungal proteins hydrophobic solids turn hydrophilic, while hydrophilic materials can be made hydrophobic. Hydrophobins thus change the nature of a surface. This property makes them interesting candidates to improve physio- and physico-chemical properties of implant surfaces. We here show that growth of fibroblasts on Teflon can be improved by coating the solid with genetically engineered SC3 hydrophobin. Either deleting a stretch of 25 amino acids at the N-terminus of the mature hydrophobin (TrSC3) or fusing the RGD peptide to this end (RGD-SC3) improved growth of fibroblasts on the solid surface. In addition, we have shown that assembled SC3 and TrSC3 are not toxic when added to the medium of a cell culture of fibroblasts in amounts up to 125 microg ml(-1).
