Water quality assessment methods of the highland Andean rivers: A scoping systematic review.

Water is a resource that influences sustainable development in different ways in social, economic, and environmental aspects, being the Andes the major provider of this resource. However, they have been affected mainly by anthropogenic activities due to the proximity of settlements in the watersheds, so they tend to have more significant contamination, and their evaluation is essential to mitigate problems for those who consume them. However, despite being a fundamental resource and one of the main contributors of water, it is not so studied, so the present study aims to determine the studies based on the water quality of the high mountain rivers of the Andes by using a PRISMA methodology with the scoping review extension, based on search techniques, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and monitoring tables, in order to maintain a line of research attached to the objective of the study. After using the methodology, ten articles were obtained, which were analyzed after a bibliometric analysis to determine features of interest, such as countries in which the studies were carried out, years of publication, methodologies used, and authors' consensus. High Andean rivers' importance, the need for more studies within these areas, and the lack of suitable indexes for these unique ecosystems are highlighted.

New records of Demospongiae (Porifera) from Reserva Marina El Pelado (Santa Elena, Ecuador), with description of Tedania (Tedania) ecuadoriensis sp. nov.

The first taxonomic descriptions of the sponge diversity at El Pelado Marine Protected Area in the province of Santa Elena, Ecuador is reported. Tedania (Tedania) ecuadoriensis Jaramillo & Hajdu, sp. nov. is described from its shallow waters. In addition, Callyspongia (Callyspongia) aff. californica (sensuCruz-Barraza and Carballo 2008; non sensuDickinson 1945) and Cliona aff. euryphylle are reported for the first time. The former species is likely distributed over 4,000 km along the Tropical Eastern Pacific, whereas the latter might be an example of a trans-isthmian lineage. An amended diagnosis for Callyspongia (Callyspongia) and an updated identification key for the subgenera of Callyspongia are provided.

Marine natural products from zoantharians: bioactivity, biosynthesis, systematics, and ecological roles.

Covering: up to the end of 2018Zoantharians, also improperly known as zoanthids or colonial anemones, are well known by aquarists because of their ease of use in aquaria but also because of their splendid colours. However, high concentrations of the highly toxic palytoxin found in some species of zoantharians maintained in reef aquaria has raised some issues recently, unveiling at the same time a rather unknown chemical diversity hidden in these marine beauties. Herein, we report the structure of the metabolites described in all species of zoantharians up to the end of 2018 and their associated biological activities. As sessile invertebrates, zoantharians harbour a rich diversity of micro-organisms that can play a role in the biosynthesis of these natural products and we detail the current hypotheses on the metabolic pathways leading to the identified ecdysteroids, zoanthoxanthins, zoanthamines, palytoxins and others. Finally, we assess the possible use of these metabolites in the systematics of such a complex group of marine invertebrates and we discuss their possible ecological roles. Altogether, this review brings some insights into the rich chemical diversity of zoantharians and their potential for marine biodiscovery and marine ecology.

Halogenated Tyrosine Derivatives from the Tropical Eastern Pacific Zoantharians Antipathozoanthus hickmani and Parazoanthus darwini.

In the search for bioactive marine natural products from zoantharians of the Tropical Eastern Pacific, four new tyrosine dipeptides, named valdiviamides A-D (1-4), were isolated from Antipathozoanthus hickmani, and two new tyramine derivatives, 5 and 6, from Parazoanthus darwini. The phenols of all six tyrosine derivatives are substituted by bromine and/or iodine atoms at the ortho positions of the hydroxyl. The planar structures of these aromatic alkaloids were elucidated from 1D and 2D NMR experiments in combination with HRESIMS data, and the absolute configurations of 1-4 were deduced from comparison between experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism spectra. As halogenated tyrosine derivatives could represent chemotaxonomic markers of these genera, we decided to undertake the first chemical investigation of another species, Terrazoanthus cf. patagonichus. As expected, no halogenated metabolite was evidenced in the species, but we report herein the identification of two new zoanthoxanthin derivatives, named zoamides E (7) and F (8), from this species. Antimicrobial and cytotoxicity bioassays revealed that valdiviamide B (2) displayed moderate cytotoxicity against the HepG2 cell line with an IC50 value of 7.8 µM.

Callyspongidic Acids: Amphiphilic Diacids from the Tropical Eastern Pacific Sponge Callyspongia cf. californica.

The first chemical study of the marine sponge Callyspongia cf. californica widely distributed along the coasts of the Tropical Eastern Pacific led to the identification of a new family of amphiphilic derivatives called callyspongidic acids. The four isolated metabolites 1-4 feature a hydrophilic diacid end opposed to both an aromatic moiety and a long alkyl chain. They were evaluated against a panel of pathogenic microbes and seven tumoral cell lines, displaying moderate inhibitory properties against the A2058 melanoma cell line with an IC50 of 3.2 µM for callyspongidic acid C13:0 (2).

Zoanthamine Alkaloids from the Zoantharian Zoanthus cf. pulchellus and Their Effects in Neuroinflammation.

Two new zoanthamine alkaloids, namely 3-acetoxynorzoanthamine (1) and 3-acetoxyzoanthamine (2), have been isolated from the zoantharian Zoanthus cf. pulchellus collected off the coast of the Santa Elena Peninsula, Ecuador, together with three known derivatives: zoanthamine, norzoanthamine, and 3-hydroxynorzoanthamine. The chemical structures of 1 and 2 were determined by interpretation of their 1D and 2D NMR data and comparison with literature data. This is the first report of zoanthamine-type alkaloids from Zoanthus cf. pulchellus collected in the Tropical Eastern Pacific. The neuroinflammatory activity of all the isolated compounds was evaluated in microglia BV-2 cells and high inhibitory effects were observed in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) generation.

Assessing the Zoantharian Diversity of the Tropical Eastern Pacific through an Integrative Approach.

Zoantharians represent a group of marine invertebrates widely distributed from shallow waters to the deep sea. Despite a high diversity and abundance in the rocky reefs of the Pacific Ocean, very few studies have been reported on the diversity of this group in the Tropical Eastern Pacific coasts. While molecular techniques recently clarified some taxonomic relationships within the order, the taxonomy of zoantharians is still highly challenging due to a lack of clear morphological characters and confusing use of different data in previous studies. Our first insight into the zoantharian diversity at El Pelado Marine Protected Area - Ecuador led to the identification of six species: Terrazoanthus patagonichus; Terrazoanthus sp.; Antipathozoanthus hickmani; Parazoanthus darwini; Zoanthus cf. pulchellus; and Zoanthus cf. sociatus. A metabolomic approach using UHPLC-HRMS was proven to be very efficient as a complementary tool in the systematics of these species and specialized metabolites of the ecdysteroid and alkaloid families were identified as key biomarkers for interspecific discrimination. These results show good promise for an application of this integrative approach to other zoantharians.

Ecdysonelactones, Ecdysteroids from the Tropical Eastern Pacific Zoantharian Antipathozoanthus hickmani.

Despite a large occurrence, especially over the Pacific Ocean, the chemical diversity of marine invertebrates belonging to the order Zoantharia is largely underexplored. For the two species of the genus Antipathozoanthus no chemical study has been reported so far. The first chemical investigation of Antipathozoanthus hickmani collected at the Marine Protected Area "El Pelado", Santa Elena, Ecuador, led to the isolation of four new ecdysteroid derivatives named ecdysonelactones. The structures of ecdysonelactones A-D (1-4) were determined based on their spectroscopy data, including 1D and 2D NMR and HRMS. The four compounds of this family of ecdysteroids feature an unprecedented γ-lactone fused at the C-2/C-3 position of ring A. These derivatives exhibited neither antimicrobial nor cytotoxic activities.

Terrazoanthines, 2-Aminoimidazole Alkaloids from the Tropical Eastern Pacific Zoantharian Terrazoanthus onoi.

The first chemical study of the common species Terrazoanthus onoi, present off the coast of Ecuador, led to the identification of a new family of 2-aminoimidazole alkaloids named terrazoanthines A-C (1-3). Homologues 1 and 2 feature an unprecedented 6-(imidazol-5-yl)benzo[d]imidazole. Acyl substitution pattern and complete configurational assignments were deduced from comparison between experimental and theoretical 13C NMR and ECD data, respectively. These compounds may represent key derivatives in the biosynthesis of zoanthoxanthins.